26 USC 23 - Adoption expenses

U.S Code last checked for updates: Apr 29, 2024

§ 23.

Adoption expenses

(a)

Allowance of credit

(1)

In general

(2)

Year credit allowed

The credit under paragraph (1) with respect to any expense shall be allowed—

(A)

in the case of any expense paid or incurred before the taxable year in which such adoption becomes final, for the taxable year following the taxable year during which such expense is paid or incurred, and

(B)

in the case of an expense paid or incurred during or after the taxable year in which such adoption becomes final, for the taxable year in which such expense is paid or incurred.

(3)

$10,000 credit for adoption of child with special needs regardless of expenses

(b)

Limitations

(1)

Dollar limitation

(2)

Income limitation

(A)

In general

The amount allowable as a credit under subsection (a) for any taxable year (determined without regard to subsection (c)) shall be reduced (but not below zero) by an amount which bears the same ratio to the amount so allowable (determined without regard to this paragraph but with regard to paragraph (1)) as—

(i)

the amount (if any) by which the taxpayer’s adjusted gross income exceeds $150,000, bears to

(ii)

$40,000.

(B)

Determination of adjusted gross income

(3)

Denial of double benefit

(A)

In general

(B)

Grants

(c)

Carryforwards of unused credit

(1)

In general

(2)

Limitation

(d)

Definitions

For purposes of this section—

(1)

Qualified adoption expenses

The term “qualified adoption expenses” means reasonable and necessary adoption fees, court costs, attorney fees, and other expenses—

(A)

which are directly related to, and the principal purpose of which is for, the legal adoption of an eligible child by the taxpayer,

(B)

which are not incurred in violation of State or Federal law or in carrying out any surrogate parenting arrangement,

(C)

which are not expenses in connection with the adoption by an individual of a child who is the child of such individual’s spouse, and

(D)

which are not reimbursed under an employer program or otherwise.

(2)

Eligible child

The term “eligible child” means any individual who—

(A)

has not attained age 18, or

(B)

is physically or mentally incapable of caring for himself.

(3)

Child with special needs

The term “child with special needs” means any child if—

(A)

a State has determined that the child cannot or should not be returned to the home of his parents,

(B)

such State has determined that there exists with respect to the child a specific factor or condition (such as his ethnic background, age, or membership in a minority or sibling group, or the presence of factors such as medical conditions or physical, mental, or emotional handicaps) because of which it is reasonable to conclude that such child cannot be placed with adoptive parents without providing adoption assistance, and

(C)

such child is a citizen or resident of the United States (as defined in section 217(h)(3)).

(e)

Special rules for foreign adoptions

In the case of an adoption of a child who is not a citizen or resident of the United States (as defined in section 217(h)(3))—

(1)

subsection (a) shall not apply to any qualified adoption expense with respect to such adoption unless such adoption becomes final, and

(2)

any such expense which is paid or incurred before the taxable year in which such adoption becomes final shall be taken into account under this section as if such expense were paid or incurred during such year.

(f)

Filing requirements

(1)

Married couples must file joint returns

(2)

Taxpayer must include TIN

(A)

In general

(B)

Other methods

Basis adjustments

(h)

Adjustments for inflation

In the case of a taxable year beginning after December 31, 2002, each of the dollar amounts in subsection (a)(3) and paragraphs (1) and (2)(A)(i) of subsection (b) shall be increased by an amount equal to—

(1)

such dollar amount, multiplied by

(2)

the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for the calendar year in which the taxable year begins, determined by substituting “calendar year 2001” for “calendar year 2016” in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof.

If any amount as increased under the preceding sentence is not a multiple of $10, such amount shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $10.

(i)

Regulations

(Added Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1807(a), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1899, § 23; amended Pub. L. 105–34, title XVI, § 1601(h)(2)(A), (B), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1092; Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, §§ 6008(d)(6), 6018(f)(1), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 812, 823; Pub. L. 107–16, title II, §§ 201(b)(2)(E), 202(a)(1), (b)(1)(A), (2)(A), (c), (d)(1), (e)(1), (f)(1), (2)(A), June 7, 2001, 115 Stat. 46–49; Pub. L. 107–147, title IV, §§ 411(c)(1)(A)–(E), 418(a)(1), Mar. 9, 2002, 116 Stat. 45, 57; Pub. L. 109–58, title XIII, § 1335(b)(1), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1036; Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, § 402(i)(3)(A), (4), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2612, 2615; Pub. L. 110–343, div. B, title I, § 106(e)(2)(A), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3817; renumbered § 36C, amended, and renumbered § 23, Pub. L. 111–148, title X, § 10909(a)(1), (b)(1), (2)(I), (c), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 1021, 1022, 1023; Pub. L. 111–312, title I, § 101(b)(1), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3298; Pub. L. 112–240, title I, § 104(c)(2)(A), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2321; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 11002(d)(1)(A), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2060; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, § 401(d)(4)(B)(i), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1209.)

cite as: 26 USC 23