For inflation adjustment of certain items in this section, see Revenue Procedures listed in a table under section 1 of this title.
A prior section 23, added Pub. L. 95–618, title I, § 101(a),
2025—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 119–21, § 70402(a), added par. (4).
Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 119–21, § 70402(c), substituted “portion of the credit allowable under subsection (a) which is allowed under this subpart” for “credit allowable under subsection (a)”.
Subsec. (d)(3)(A). Pub. L. 119–21, § 70403(a)(1), inserted “or Indian tribal government” after “a State”.
Subsec. (d)(3)(B). Pub. L. 119–21, § 70403(a)(2), inserted “or Indian tribal government” after “such State”.
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 119–21, § 70402(b), amended subsec. (h) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “In the case of a taxable year beginning after
“(1) such dollar amount, multiplied by
“(2) the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for the calendar year in which the taxable year begins, determined by substituting ‘calendar year 2001’ for ‘calendar year 2016’ in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof.
If any amount as increased under the preceding sentence is not a multiple of $10, such amount shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $10.”
2018—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted “section 25D” for “sections 25D and 1400C”.
2017—Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 115–97 substituted “for ‘calendar year 2016’ in subparagraph (A)(ii)” for “for ‘calendar year 1992’ in subparagraph (B)”.
2013—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 112–240, § 104(c)(2)(A)(i), struck out par. (4). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “In the case of a taxable year to which section 26(a)(2) does not apply, the credit allowed under subsection (a) for any taxable year shall not exceed the excess of—
“(A) the sum of the regular tax liability (as defined in section 26(b)) plus the tax imposed by section 55, over
“(B) the sum of the credits allowable under this subpart (other than this section and section 25D) and section 27 for the taxable year.”
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–240, § 104(c)(2)(A)(ii), (iii), added par. (1), redesignated par. (3) as (2), and struck out former pars. (1) and (2) which related to rule for years in which all personal credits allowed against regular and alternative minimum tax and rule for other years, respectively.
2010—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 111–148, § 10909(a)(1)(B), (c), as amended by Pub. L. 111–312, temporarily substituted “$13,170” for “$10,000” in heading and text. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2010 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 111–148, § 10909(a)(1)(A), (c), as amended by Pub. L. 111–312, temporarily substituted “$13,170” for “$10,000”. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2010 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 111–148, § 10909(b)(2)(I)(i), (c), as amended by Pub. L. 111–312, temporarily struck out par. (4). Text read as follows: “In the case of a taxable year to which section 26(a)(2) does not apply, the credit allowed under subsection (a) for any taxable year shall not exceed the excess of—
“(A) the sum of the regular tax liability (as defined in section 26(b)) plus the tax imposed by section 55, over
“(B) the sum of the credits allowable under this subpart (other than this section and section 25D) and section 27 for the taxable year.”
See Effective and Termination Dates of 2010 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 111–148, § 10909(b)(2)(I)(ii), (c), as amended by Pub. L. 111–312, temporarily struck out subsec. (c) which related to carryforwards of unused credit. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2010 Amendment note below.
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 111–148, § 10909(a)(1)(C), (c), as amended by Pub. L. 111–312, temporarily amended subsec. (h) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (h) related to adjustments for inflation. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2010 Amendment note below.
2008—Subsec. (b)(4)(B). Pub. L. 110–343 inserted “and section 25D” after “this section”.
2005—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 109–135, § 402(i)(3)(A)(i), substituted “In the case of a taxable year to which section 26(a)(2) does not apply, the credit” for “The credit” in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–135, § 402(i)(3)(A)(ii), reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “If the credit allowable under subsection (a) for any taxable year exceeds the limitation imposed by subsection (b)(4) for such taxable year, such excess shall be carried to the succeeding taxable year and added to the credit allowable under subsection (a) for such taxable year. No credit may be carried forward under this subsection to any taxable year following the fifth taxable year after the taxable year in which the credit arose. For purposes of the preceding sentence, credits shall be treated as used on a first-in first-out basis.”
Pub. L. 109–58, § 1335(b)(1), which directed amendment of subsec. (c) by substituting “this section, section 25D, and section 1400C” for “this section and section 1400C”, was repealed by Pub. L. 109–135, § 402(i)(4). See Effective and Termination Dates of 2005 Amendment notes below.
2002—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–147, § 411(c)(1)(A), reenacted heading without change and amended text of par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “In the case of an individual, there shall be allowed as a credit against the tax imposed by this chapter—
“(A) in the case of an adoption of a child other than a child with special needs, the amount of the qualified adoption expenses paid or incurred by the taxpayer, and
“(B) in the case of an adoption of a child with special needs, $10,000.”
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 107–147, § 411(c)(1)(C), struck out concluding provisions which read as follows: “In the case of the adoption of a child with special needs, the credit allowed under paragraph (1) shall be allowed for the taxable year in which the adoption becomes final.”
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 107–147, § 411(c)(1)(B), added par. (3).
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–147, § 411(c)(1)(D), substituted “subsection (a)” for “subsection (a)(1)(A)”.
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 107–147, § 418(a)(1), substituted “subsection (a)(3)” for “subsection (a)(1)(B)” in introductory provisions and inserted concluding provisions.
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 107–147, § 411(c)(1)(E), substituted “the dollar amounts in subsections (a)(3) and (b)(1)” for “the dollar limitation in subsection (b)(1)”.
2001—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–16, § 202(a)(1), amended heading and text of par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “In the case of an individual, there shall be allowed as a credit against the tax imposed by this chapter the amount of the qualified adoption expenses paid or incurred by the taxpayer.”
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 107–16, § 202(c), inserted concluding provisions.
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 107–16, § 202(b)(1)(A), substituted “subsection (a)(1)(A)” for “subsection (a)” and “$10,000” for “$5,000” and struck out “($6,000, in the case of a child with special needs)” before period at end.
Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(i). Pub. L. 107–16, § 202(b)(2)(A), substituted “$150,000” for “$75,000”.
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 107–16, § 202(f)(1), added par. (4).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–16, § 202(f)(2)(A), substituted “subsection (b)(4)” for “section 26(a)” and struck out “reduced by the sum of the credits allowable under this subpart (other than this section and sections 24 and 1400C)” before “, such excess”.
Pub. L. 107–16, § 201(b)(2)(E), substituted “and sections 24 and 1400C” for “and section 1400C”.
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 107–16, § 202(d)(1), amended heading and text of par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The term ‘eligible child’ means any individual—
“(A) who—
“(i) has not attained age 18, or
“(ii) is physically or mentally incapable of caring for himself, and
“(B) in the case of qualified adoption expenses paid or incurred after
Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 107–16, § 202(e)(1), added subsec. (h) and redesignated former subsec. (h) as (i).
1998—Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 105–206, § 6018(f)(1), inserted “(determined without regard to subsection (c))” after “for any taxable year” in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–206, § 6008(d)(6), inserted “and section 1400C” after “other than this section”.
1997—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1601(h)(2)(A), amended heading and text of par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The credit under paragraph (1) with respect to any expense shall be allowed—
“(A) for the taxable year following the taxable year during which such expense is paid or incurred, or
“(B) in the case of an expense which is paid or incurred during the taxable year in which the adoption becomes final, for such taxable year.”
Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 105–34, § 1601(h)(2)(B), substituted “determined without regard to sections 911, 931, and 933.” for “determined—
“(i) without regard to sections 911, 931, and 933, and
“(ii) after the application of sections 86, 135, 137, 219, and 469.”
Pub. L. 119–21, title VII, § 70402(d),
Pub. L. 119–21, title VII, § 70403(b),
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after
Pub. L. 112–240, title I, § 104(d),
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–148 terminated applicable to taxable years beginning after
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–148 applicable to taxable years beginning after
Pub. L. 110–343, div. B, title I, § 106(f), “(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 24, 25B, 25D, 26, and 45 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after “(2) The amendments made by subsection (b) [amending section 25D of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after “(3) The amendments made by subparagraphs (A) and (B) of subsection (e)(2) [amending this section and section 24 of this title] shall be subject to title IX of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 [Pub. L. 107–16, § 901, which was repealed by Pub. L. 112–240, title I, § 101(a)(1),
Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, § 402(i)(3)(H),
Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, § 402(i)(4),
Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, § 402(m), “(1) Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), the amendments made by this section [see Tables for classification] shall take effect as if included in the provisions of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 [Pub. L. 109–58] to which they relate.“(2) The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending sections 121, 246, 247, 1223, 1245, and 1250 of this title and repealing sections 1081 to 1083 of this title] shall not apply with respect to any transaction ordered in compliance with the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 [15 U.S.C. 79 et seq.] before its repeal.“(3) The amendments made by subsection (i)(3) [amending this section and sections 24, 25, 25B, 25D, 904, and 1400C of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after
Pub. L. 109–58, title XIII, § 1335(c),
Pub. L. 107–147, title IV, § 411(c)(3),
Amendment by section 418(a)(1) of Pub. L. 107–147 effective as if included in the provisions of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, Pub. L. 107–16, to which such amendment relates, see section 418(c) of Pub. L. 107–147, set out as a note under section 21 of this title.
Pub. L. 108–311, title III, § 312(b)(2),
Pub. L. 107–147, title VI, § 601(b)(2),
Amendment by section 201(b)(2)(E) of Pub. L. 107–16 applicable to taxable years beginning after
Pub. L. 107–16, title II, § 202(g), “(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 24, 26, 137, 904, and 1400C of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after “(2) The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section and section 137 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after
Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, § 6018(h),
Amendment by section 6008(d)(6) of Pub. L. 105–206 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub. L. 105–34, to which such amendment relates, see section 6024 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
Pub. L. 105–34, title XVI, § 1601(j), “(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 30A, 52, 55, 137, 401, 403, 404, 408, 414, 512, 529, 593, 641, 679, 860L, 956, 1361, 1374, 4001, 4041, 4092, 4261, 6039D, 6048, 6050R, 6501, 6693, 7701, and 9503 of this title, section 1055 of Title 29, Labor, and provisions set out as notes under sections 529 and 4091 of this title] shall take effect as if included in the provisions of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 [Pub. L. 104–188] to which they relate.“(2) The amendment made by subsection (d)(2)(D) [amending section 401 of this title] shall apply to calendar years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [
Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1807(e),
Amendment by Pub. L. 115–141 not applicable to certain obligations issued, DC Zone assets acquired, or principal residences acquired before
Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, § 401(e), “If—“(1) any provision amended or repealed by the amendments made by subsection (b) or (d) [see Tables for classification] applied to—“(A) any transaction occurring before the date of the enactment of this Act [“(B) any property acquired before such date of enactment, or“(C) any item of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account before such date of enactment, and“(2) the treatment of such transaction, property, or item under such provision would (without regard to the amendments or repeals made by such subsection) affect the liability for tax for periods ending after such date of enactment,nothing in the amendments or repeals made by this section [see Tables for classification] shall be construed to affect the treatment of such transaction, property, or item for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after such date of enactment.”
Pub. L. 107–147, title IV, § 411(c)(1)(F),
Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1807(d),