26 USC 42 - Low-income housing credit

U.S Code last checked for updates: Apr 27, 2024

§ 42.

Low-income housing credit

(a)

In general

For purposes of section 38, the amount of the low-income housing credit determined under this section for any taxable year in the credit period shall be an amount equal to—

(1)

the applicable percentage of

(2)

the qualified basis of each qualified low-income building.

(b)

Applicable percentage: 70 percent present value credit for certain new buildings; 30 percent present value credit for certain other buildings

(1)

Determination of applicable percentage

For purposes of this section—

(A)

In general

The term “applicable percentage” means, with respect to any building, the appropriate percentage prescribed by the Secretary for the earlier of—

(i)

the month in which such building is placed in service, or

(ii)

at the election of the taxpayer—

(I)

the month in which the taxpayer and the housing credit agency enter into an agreement with respect to such building (which is binding on such agency, the taxpayer, and all successors in interest) as to the housing credit dollar amount to be allocated to such building, or

(II)

in the case of any building to which subsection (h)(4)(B) applies, the month in which the tax-exempt obligations are issued.

A month may be elected under clause (ii) only if the election is made not later than the 5th day after the close of such month. Such an election, once made, shall be irrevocable.

(B)

Method of prescribing percentages

The percentages prescribed by the Secretary for any month shall be percentages which will yield over a 10-year period amounts of credit under subsection (a) which have a present value equal to—

(i)

70 percent of the qualified basis of a new building which is not federally subsidized for the taxable year, and

(ii)

30 percent of the qualified basis of a building not described in clause (i).

(C)

Method of discounting

The present value under subparagraph (B) shall be determined—

(i)

as of the last day of the 1st year of the 10-year period referred to in subparagraph (B),

(ii)

by using a discount rate equal to 72 percent of the average of the annual Federal mid-term rate and the annual Federal long-term rate applicable under section 1274(d)(1) to the month applicable under clause (i) or (ii) of subparagraph (A) and compounded annually, and

(iii)

by assuming that the credit allowable under this section for any year is received on the last day of such year.

(2)

Minimum credit rate for non-federally subsidized new buildings

In the case of any new building—

(A)

which is placed in service by the taxpayer after the date of the enactment of this paragraph, and

(B)

which is not federally subsidized for the taxable year,

the applicable percentage shall not be less than 9 percent.

(3)

Minimum credit rate

(4)

Cross references

(A)

For treatment of certain rehabilitation expenditures as separate new buildings, see subsection (e).

(B)

For determination of applicable percentage for increases in qualified basis after the 1st year of the credit period, see subsection (f)(3).

(C)

For authority of housing credit agency to limit applicable percentage and qualified basis which may be taken into account under this section with respect to any building, see subsection (h)(7).

(c)

Qualified basis; qualified low-income building

For purposes of this section—

(1)

Qualified basis

(A)

Determination

The qualified basis of any qualified low-income building for any taxable year is an amount equal to—

(i)

the applicable fraction (determined as of the close of such taxable year) of

(ii)

the eligible basis of such building (determined under subsection (d)(5)).

(B)

Applicable fraction

(C)

Unit fraction

For purposes of subparagraph (B), the term “unit fraction” means the fraction—

(i)

the numerator of which is the number of low-income units in the building, and

(ii)

the denominator of which is the number of residential rental units (whether or not occupied) in such building.

(D)

Floor space fraction

For purposes of subparagraph (B), the term “floor space fraction” means the fraction—

(i)

the numerator of which is the total floor space of the low-income units in such building, and

(ii)

the denominator of which is the total floor space of the residential rental units (whether or not occupied) in such building.

(E)

Qualified basis to include portion of building used to provide supportive services for homeless

In the case of a qualified low-income building described in subsection (i)(3)(B)(iii), the qualified basis of such building for any taxable year shall be increased by the lesser of—

(i)

so much of the eligible basis of such building as is used throughout the year to provide supportive services designed to assist tenants in locating and retaining permanent housing, or

(ii)

20 percent of the qualified basis of such building (determined without regard to this subparagraph).

(2)

Qualified low-income building

The term “qualified low-income building” means any building—

(A)

which is part of a qualified low-income housing project at all times during the period—

(i)

beginning on the 1st day in the compliance period on which such building is part of such a project, and

(ii)

ending on the last day of the compliance period with respect to such building, and

(B)

to which the amendments made by section 201(a) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 apply.

(d)

Eligible basis

For purposes of this section—

(1)

New buildings

(2)

Existing buildings

(A)

In general

The eligible basis of an existing building is—

(i)

in the case of a building which meets the requirements of subparagraph (B), its adjusted basis as of the close of the 1st taxable year of the credit period, and

(ii)

zero in any other case.

(B)

Requirements

A building meets the requirements of this subparagraph if—

(i)

the building is acquired by purchase (as defined in section 179(d)(2)),

(ii)

there is a period of at least 10 years between the date of its acquisition by the taxpayer and the date the building was last placed in service,

(iii)

the building was not previously placed in service by the taxpayer or by any person who was a related person with respect to the taxpayer as of the time previously placed in service, and

(iv)

except as provided in subsection (f)(5), a credit is allowable under subsection (a) by reason of subsection (e) with respect to the building.

(C)

Adjusted basis

(D)

Special rules for subparagraph (B)

(i)

Special rules for certain transfers

For purposes of determining under subparagraph (B)(ii) when a building was last placed in service, there shall not be taken into account any placement in service—

(I)

in connection with the acquisition of the building in a transaction in which the basis of the building in the hands of the person acquiring it is determined in whole or in part by reference to the adjusted basis of such building in the hands of the person from whom acquired,

(II)

by a person whose basis in such building is determined under section 1014(a) (relating to property acquired from a decedent),

(III)

by any governmental unit or qualified nonprofit organization (as defined in subsection (h)(5)) if the requirements of subparagraph (B)(ii) are met with respect to the placement in service by such unit or organization and all the income from such property is exempt from Federal income taxation,

(IV)

by any person who acquired such building by foreclosure (or by instrument in lieu of foreclosure) of any purchase-money security interest held by such person if the requirements of subparagraph (B)(ii) are met with respect to the placement in service by such person and such building is resold within 12 months after the date such building is placed in service by such person after such foreclosure, or

(V)

of a single-family residence by any individual who owned and used such residence for no other purpose than as his principal residence.

(ii)

Related person

(3)

Eligible basis reduced where disproportionate standards for units

(A)

In general

(B)

Exception where taxpayer elects to exclude excess costs

(i)

In general

Subparagraph (A) shall not apply with respect to a residential rental unit in a building which is not a low-income unit if—

(I)

the excess described in clause (ii) with respect to such unit is not greater than 15 percent of the cost described in clause (ii)(II), and

(II)

the taxpayer elects to exclude from the eligible basis of such building the excess described in clause (ii) with respect to such unit.

(ii)

Excess

The excess described in this clause with respect to any unit is the excess of—

(I)

the cost of such unit, over

(II)

the amount which would be the cost of such unit if the average cost per square foot of low-income units in the building were substituted for the cost per square foot of such unit.

The Secretary may by regulation provide for the determination of the excess under this clause on a basis other than square foot costs.

(4)

Special rules relating to determination of adjusted basis

For purposes of this subsection—

(A)

In general

(B)

Basis of property in common areas, etc., included

(C)

Inclusion of basis of property used to provide services for certain nontenants

(i)

In general

(ii)

Limitation

The increase in the adjusted basis of any building which is taken into account by reason of clause (i) shall not exceed the sum of—

(I)

25 percent of so much of the eligible basis of the qualified low-income housing project of which it is a part as does not exceed $15,000,000, plus

(II)

10 percent of so much of the eligible basis of such project as is not taken into account under subclause (I).

For purposes of the preceding sentence, all community service facilities which are part of the same qualified low-income housing project shall be treated as one facility.

(iii)

Community service facility

(D)

No reduction for depreciation

(5)

Special rules for determining eligible basis

(A)

Federal grants not taken into account in determining eligible basis

(B)

Increase in credit for buildings in high cost areas

(i)

In general

In the case of any building located in a qualified census tract or difficult development area which is designated for purposes of this subparagraph—

(I)

in the case of a new building, the eligible basis of such building shall be 130 percent of such basis determined without regard to this subparagraph, and

(II)

in the case of an existing building, the rehabilitation expenditures taken into account under subsection (e) shall be 130 percent of such expenditures determined without regard to this subparagraph.

(ii)

Qualified census tract

(I)

In general

(II)

Limit on MSA’s designated

(III)

Determination of areas

(iii)

Difficult development areas

(I)

In general

(II)

Limit on areas designated

(iv)

Special rules and definitions

For purposes of this subparagraph—

(I)

population shall be determined on the basis of the most recent decennial census for which data are available,

(II)

area median gross income shall be determined in accordance with subsection (g)(4),

(III)

the term “metropolitan statistical area” has the same meaning as when used in section 143(k)(2)(B), and

(IV)

the term “nonmetropolitan area” means any county (or portion thereof) which is not within a metropolitan statistical area.

(v)

Buildings designated by State housing credit agency

(6)

Credit allowable for certain buildings acquired during 10-year period described in paragraph (2)(B)(ii)

(A)

In general

(B)

Buildings acquired from insured depository institutions in default

(C)

Federally- or State-assisted building

For purposes of this paragraph—

(i)

Federally-assisted building

(ii)

State-assisted building

(7)

Acquisition of building before end of prior compliance period

(A)

In general

Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, in the case of a building described in subparagraph (B) (or interest therein) which is acquired by the taxpayer—

(i)

paragraph (2)(B) shall not apply, but

(ii)

the credit allowable by reason of subsection (a) to the taxpayer for any period after such acquisition shall be equal to the amount of credit which would have been allowable under subsection (a) for such period to the prior owner referred to in subparagraph (B) had such owner not disposed of the building.

(B)

Description of building

A building is described in this subparagraph if—

(i)

a credit was allowed by reason of subsection (a) to any prior owner of such building, and

(ii)

the taxpayer acquired such building before the end of the compliance period for such building with respect to such prior owner (determined without regard to any disposition by such prior owner).

(e)

Rehabilitation expenditures treated as separate new building

(1)

In general

(2)

Rehabilitation expenditures

For purposes of paragraph (1)—

(A)

In general

(B)

Cost of acquisition, etc., not included

(3)

Minimum expenditures to qualify

(A)

In general

Paragraph (1) shall apply to rehabilitation expenditures with respect to any building only if—

(i)

the expenditures are allocable to 1 or more low-income units or substantially benefit such units, and

(ii)

the amount of such expenditures during any 24-month period meets the requirements of whichever of the following subclauses requires the greater amount of such expenditures:

(I)

The requirement of this subclause is met if such amount is not less than 20 percent of the adjusted basis of the building (determined as of the 1st day of such period and without regard to paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 1016(a)).

(II)

The requirement of this subclause is met if the qualified basis attributable to such amount, when divided by the number of low-income units in the building, is $6,000 or more.

(B)

Exception from 10 percent rehabilitation

(C)

Date of determination

(D)

Inflation adjustment

In the case of any expenditures which are treated under paragraph (4) as placed in service during any calendar year after 2009, the $6,000 amount in subparagraph (A)(ii)(II) shall be increased by an amount equal to—

(i)

such dollar amount, multiplied by

(ii)

the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for such calendar year by substituting “calendar year 2008” for “calendar year 2016” in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof.

Any increase under the preceding sentence which is not a multiple of $100 shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $100.

(4)

Special rules

For purposes of applying this section with respect to expenditures which are treated as a separate building by reason of this subsection—

(A)

such expenditures shall be treated as placed in service at the close of the 24-month period referred to in paragraph (3)(A), and

(B)

the applicable fraction under subsection (c)(1) shall be the applicable fraction for the building (without regard to paragraph (1)) with respect to which the expenditures were incurred.

Nothing in subsection (d)(2) shall prevent a credit from being allowed by reason of this subsection.

(5)

No double counting

(6)

Regulations to apply subsection with respect to group of units in building

(f)

Definition and special rules relating to credit period

(1)

Credit period defined

For purposes of this section, the term “credit period” means, with respect to any building, the period of 10 taxable years beginning with—

(A)

the taxable year in which the building is placed in service, or

(B)

at the election of the taxpayer, the succeeding taxable year,

but only if the building is a qualified low-income building as of the close of the 1st year of such period. The election under subparagraph (B), once made, shall be irrevocable.

(2)

Special rule for 1st year of credit period

(A)

In general

The credit allowable under subsection (a) with respect to any building for the 1st taxable year of the credit period shall be determined by substituting for the applicable fraction under subsection (c)(1) the fraction—

(i)

the numerator of which is the sum of the applicable fractions determined under subsection (c)(1) as of the close of each full month of such year during which such building was in service, and

(ii)

the denominator of which is 12.

(B)

Disallowed 1st year credit allowed in 11th year

(3)

Determination of applicable percentage with respect to increases in qualified basis after 1st year of credit period

(A)

In general

In the case of any building which was a qualified low-income building as of the close of the 1st year of the credit period, if—

(i)

as of the close of any taxable year in the compliance period (after the 1st year of the credit period) the qualified basis of such building exceeds

(ii)

the qualified basis of such building as of the close of the 1st year of the credit period,

the applicable percentage which shall apply under subsection (a) for the taxable year to such excess shall be the percentage equal to ⅔ of the applicable percentage which (after the application of subsection (h)) would but for this paragraph apply to such basis.

(B)

1st year computation applies

(4)

Dispositions of property

(5)

Credit period for existing buildings not to begin before rehabilitation credit allowed

(A)

In general

(B)

Acquisition credit allowed for certain buildings not allowed a rehabilitation credit

(i)

In general

In the case of a building described in clause (ii)—

(I)

subsection (d)(2)(B)(iv) shall not apply, and

(II)

the credit period for such building shall not begin before the taxable year which would be the 1st taxable year of the credit period for rehabilitation expenditures with respect to the building under the modifications described in clause (ii)(II).

(ii)

Building described

A building is described in this clause if—

(I)

a waiver is granted under subsection (d)(6)(B) with respect to the acquisition of the building, and

(II)

a credit would be allowed for rehabilitation expenditures with respect to such building if subsection (e)(3)(A)(ii)(I) did not apply and if the dollar amount in effect under subsection (e)(3)(A)(ii)(II) were two-thirds of such amount.

(g)

Qualified low-income housing project

For purposes of this section—

(1)

In general

The term “qualified low-income housing project” means any project for residential rental property if the project meets the requirements of subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) whichever is elected by the taxpayer:

(A)

20–50 test

(B)

40–60 test

(C)

Average income test

(i)

In general

(ii)

Special rules relating to income limitation

For purposes of clause (i)—

(I)

Designation

(II)

Average test

(III)

10-percent increments

Any election under this paragraph, once made, shall be irrevocable. For purposes of this paragraph, any property shall not be treated as failing to be residential rental property merely because part of the building in which such property is located is used for purposes other than residential rental purposes.

(2)

Rent-restricted units

(A)

In general

(B)

Gross rent

For purposes of subparagraph (A), gross rent—

(i)

does not include any payment under section 8 of the United States Housing Act of 1937 or any comparable rental assistance program (with respect to such unit or occupants thereof),

(ii)

includes any utility allowance determined by the Secretary after taking into account such determinations under section 8 of the United States Housing Act of 1937,

(iii)

does not include any fee for a supportive service which is paid to the owner of the unit (on the basis of the low-income status of the tenant of the unit) by any governmental program of assistance (or by an organization described in section 501(c)(3) and exempt from tax under section 501(a)) if such program (or organization) provides assistance for rent and the amount of assistance provided for rent is not separable from the amount of assistance provided for supportive services, and

(iv)

does not include any rental payment to the owner of the unit to the extent such owner pays an equivalent amount to the Farmers’ Home Administration under section 515 of the Housing Act of 1949.

For purposes of clause (iii), the term “supportive service” means any service provided under a planned program of services designed to enable residents of a residential rental property to remain independent and avoid placement in a hospital, nursing home, or intermediate care facility for the mentally or physically handicapped. In the case of a single-room occupancy unit or a building described in subsection (i)(3)(B)(iii), such term includes any service provided to assist tenants in locating and retaining permanent housing.

(C)

Imputed income limitation applicable to unit

For purposes of this paragraph, the imputed income limitation applicable to a unit is the income limitation which would apply under paragraph (1) to individuals occupying the unit if the number of individuals occupying the unit were as follows:

(i)

In the case of a unit which does not have a separate bedroom, 1 individual.

(ii)

In the case of a unit which has 1 or more separate bedrooms, 1.5 individuals for each separate bedroom.

In the case of a project with respect to which a credit is allowable by reason of this section and for which financing is provided by a bond described in section 142(a)(7), the imputed income limitation shall apply in lieu of the otherwise applicable income limitation for purposes of applying section 142(d)(4)(B)(ii).

(D)

Treatment of units occupied by individuals whose incomes rise above limit

(i)

In general

(ii)

Rental of next available unit in case of 20–50 or 40–60 test

(iii)

Rental of next available unit in case of average income test

In the case of a project with respect to which the taxpayer elects the requirements of subparagraph (C) of paragraph (1), if the income of the occupants of the unit increases above 140 percent of the greater of—

(I)

60 percent of area median gross income, or

(II)

the imputed income limitation designated with respect to the unit under paragraph (1)(C)(ii)(I),

clause (i) shall cease to apply to any such unit if any residential rental unit in the building (of a size comparable to, or smaller than, such unit) is occupied by a new resident whose income exceeds the limitation described in clause (v).

(iv)

Deep rent skewed projects

In the case of a project described in section 142(d)(4)(B), clause (ii) or (iii), whichever is applicable, shall be applied by substituting “170 percent” for “140 percent”, and—

(I)

in the case of clause (ii), by substituting “any low-income unit in the building is occupied by a new resident whose income exceeds 40 percent of area median gross income” for “any residential rental unit” and all that follows in such clause, and

(II)

in the case of clause (iii), by substituting “any low-income unit in the building is occupied by a new resident whose income exceeds the lesser of 40 percent of area median gross income or the imputed income limitation designated with respect to such unit under paragraph (1)(C)(ii)(I)” for “any residential rental unit” and all that follows in such clause.

(v)

Limitation described

For purposes of clause (iii), the limitation described in this clause with respect to any unit is—

(I)

the imputed income limitation designated with respect to such unit under paragraph (1)(C)(ii)(I), in the case of a unit which was taken into account as a low-income unit prior to becoming vacant, and

(II)

the imputed income limitation which would have to be designated with respect to such unit under such paragraph in order for the project to continue to meet the requirements of paragraph (1)(C)(ii)(II), in the case of any other unit.

(E)

Units where Federal rental assistance is reduced as tenant’s income increases

If the gross rent with respect to a residential unit exceeds the limitation under subparagraph (A) by reason of the fact that the income of the occupants thereof exceeds the income limitation applicable under paragraph (1), such unit shall, nevertheless, be treated as a rent-restricted unit for purposes of paragraph (1) if—

(i)

a Federal rental assistance payment described in subparagraph (B)(i) is made with respect to such unit or its occupants, and

(ii)

the sum of such payment and the gross rent with respect to such unit does not exceed the sum of the amount of such payment which would be made and the gross rent which would be payable with respect to such unit if—

(I)

the income of the occupants thereof did not exceed the income limitation applicable under paragraph (1), and

(II)

such units were rent-restricted within the meaning of subparagraph (A).

The preceding sentence shall apply to any unit only if the result described in clause (ii) is required by Federal statute as of the date of the enactment of this subparagraph and as of the date the Federal rental assistance payment is made.

(3)

Date for meeting requirements

(A)

In general

(B)

Buildings which rely on later buildings for qualification

(i)

In general

(ii)

Treatment of elected buildings

(iii)

Date prior building is treated as placed in service

(C)

Special rule

A building—

(i)

other than the 1st building placed in service as part of a project, and

(ii)

other than a building which is placed in service during the 12-month period described in subparagraph (A) with respect to a prior building which becomes a qualified low-income building,

shall in no event be treated as a qualified low-income building unless the project is a qualified low-income housing project (without regard to such building) on the date such building is placed in service.

(D)

Projects with more than 1 building must be identified

(4)

Certain rules made applicable

(5)

Election to treat building after compliance period as not part of a project

(6)

Special rule where de minimis equity contribution

Property shall not be treated as failing to be residential rental property for purposes of this section merely because the occupant of a residential unit in the project pays (on a voluntary basis) to the lessor a de minimis amount to be held toward the purchase by such occupant of a residential unit in such project if—

(A)

all amounts so paid are refunded to the occupant on the cessation of his occupancy of a unit in the project, and

(B)

the purchase of the unit is not permitted until after the close of the compliance period with respect to the building in which the unit is located.

Any amount paid to the lessor as described in the preceding sentence shall be included in gross rent under paragraph (2) for purposes of determining whether the unit is rent-restricted.

(7)

Scattered site projects

(8)

Waiver of certain de minimis errors and recertifications

On application by the taxpayer, the Secretary may waive—

(A)

any recapture under subsection (j) in the case of any de minimis error in complying with paragraph (1), or

(B)

any annual recertification of tenant income for purposes of this subsection, if the entire building is occupied by low-income tenants.

(9)

Clarification of general public use requirement

A project does not fail to meet the general public use requirement solely because of occupancy restrictions or preferences that favor tenants—

(A)

with special needs,

(B)

who are members of a specified group under a Federal program or State program or policy that supports housing for such a specified group, or

(C)

who are involved in artistic or literary activities.

(h)

Limitation on aggregate credit allowable with respect to projects located in a State

(1)

Credit may not exceed credit amount allocated to building

(A)

In general

(B)

Time for making allocation

(C)

Exception where binding commitment

(D)

Exception where increase in qualified basis

(i)

In general

(ii)

Limitation

The limitation under this clause is the amount of credit allowable under this section (without regard to this subsection) for a taxable year with respect to an increase in the qualified basis of the building equal to the excess of—

(I)

the qualified basis of such building as of the close of the 1st taxable year to which such allocation will apply, over

(II)

the qualified basis of such building as of the close of the 1st taxable year to which the most recent prior housing credit allocation with respect to such building applied.

(iii)

Housing credit dollar amount reduced by full allocation

(E)

Exception where 10 percent of cost incurred

(i)

In general

(ii)

Qualified building

(F)

Allocation of credit on a project basis

(i)

In general

In the case of a project which includes (or will include) more than 1 building, an allocation meets the requirements of this subparagraph if—

(I)

the allocation is made to the project for a calendar year during the project period,

(II)

the allocation only applies to buildings placed in service during or after the calendar year for which the allocation is made, and

(III)

the portion of such allocation which is allocated to any building in such project is specified not later than the close of the calendar year in which the building is placed in service.

(ii)

Project period

For purposes of clause (i), the term “project period” means the period—

(I)

beginning with the 1st calendar year for which an allocation may be made for the 1st building placed in service as part of such project, and

(II)

ending with the calendar year the last building is placed in service as part of such project.

(2)

Allocated credit amount to apply to all taxable years ending during or after credit allocation year

Any housing credit dollar amount allocated to any building for any calendar year—

(A)

shall apply to such building for all taxable years in the compliance period ending during or after such calendar year, and

(B)

shall reduce the aggregate housing credit dollar amount of the allocating agency only for such calendar year.

(3)

Housing credit dollar amount for agencies

(A)

In general

(B)

State ceiling initially allocated to State housing credit agencies

(C)

State housing credit ceiling

The State housing credit ceiling applicable to any State for any calendar year shall be an amount equal to the sum of—

(i)

the unused State housing credit ceiling (if any) of such State for the preceding calendar year,

(ii)

the greater of—

(I)

$1.75 multiplied by the State population, or

(II)

$2,000,000,

(iii)

the amount of State housing credit ceiling returned in the calendar year, plus

(iv)

the amount (if any) allocated under subparagraph (D) to such State by the Secretary.

For purposes of clause (i), the unused State housing credit ceiling for any calendar year is the excess (if any) of the sum of the amounts described in clauses (ii) through (iv) over the aggregate housing credit dollar amount allocated for such year. For purposes of clause (iii), the amount of State housing credit ceiling returned in the calendar year equals the housing credit dollar amount previously allocated within the State to any project which fails to meet the 10 percent test under paragraph (1)(E)(ii) on a date after the close of the calendar year in which the allocation was made or which does not become a qualified low-income housing project within the period required by this section or the terms of the allocation or to any project with respect to which an allocation is cancelled by mutual consent of the housing credit agency and the allocation recipient.

(D)

Unused housing credit carryovers allocated among certain States

(i)

In general

(ii)

Unused housing credit carryover

For purposes of this subparagraph, the unused housing credit carryover of a State for any calendar year is the excess (if any) of—

(I)

the unused State housing credit ceiling for the year preceding such year, over

(II)

the aggregate housing credit dollar amount allocated for such year.

(iii)

Formula for allocation of unused housing credit carryovers among qualified States

(iv)

Qualified State

For purposes of this subparagraph, the term “qualified State” means, with respect to a calendar year, any State—

(I)

which allocated its entire State housing credit ceiling for the preceding calendar year, and

(II)

for which a request is made (not later than May 1 of the calendar year) to receive an allocation under clause (iii).

(E)

Special rule for States with constitutional home rule cities

For purposes of this subsection—

(i)

In general

The aggregate housing credit dollar amount for any constitutional home rule city for any calendar year shall be an amount which bears the same ratio to the State housing credit ceiling for such calendar year as—

(I)

the population of such city, bears to

(II)

the population of the entire State.

(ii)

Coordination with other allocations

(iii)

Constitutional home rule city

(F)

State may provide for different allocation

(G)

Population

(H)

Cost-of-living adjustment

(i)

In general

In the case of a calendar year after 2002, the $2,000,000 and $1.75 amounts in subparagraph (C) shall each be increased by an amount equal to—

(I)

such dollar amount, multiplied by

(II)

the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for such calendar year by substituting “calendar year 2001” for “calendar year 2016” in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof.

(ii)

Rounding

(I)

In the case of the $2,000,000 amount, any increase under clause (i) which is not a multiple of $5,000 shall be rounded to the next lowest multiple of $5,000.

(II)

In the case of the $1.75 amount, any increase under clause (i) which is not a multiple of 5 cents shall be rounded to the next lowest multiple of 5 cents.

(I)

Increase in State housing credit ceiling for 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021

(4)

Credit for buildings financed by tax-exempt bonds subject to volume cap not taken into account

(A)

In general

Paragraph (1) shall not apply to the portion of any credit allowable under subsection (a) which is attributable to eligible basis financed by any obligation the interest on which is exempt from tax under section 103 if—

(i)

such obligation is taken into account under section 146, and

(ii)

principal payments on such financing are applied within a reasonable period to redeem obligations the proceeds of which were used to provide such financing or such financing is refunded as described in section 146(i)(6).

(B)

Special rule where 50 percent or more of building is financed with tax-exempt bonds subject to volume cap

(5)

Portion of State ceiling set-aside for certain projects involving qualified nonprofit organizations

(A)

In general

(B)

Projects involving qualified nonprofit organizations

(C)

Qualified nonprofit organization

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “qualified nonprofit organization” means any organization if—

(i)

such organization is described in paragraph (3) or (4) of section 501(c) and is exempt from tax under section 501(a),

(ii)

such organization is determined by the State housing credit agency not to be affiliated with or controlled by a for-profit organization, and

(iii)

1 of the exempt purposes of such organization includes the fostering of low-income housing.

(D)

Treatment of certain subsidiaries

(i)

In general

(ii)

Qualified corporation

(E)

State may not override set-aside

(6)

Buildings eligible for credit only if minimum long-term commitment to low-income housing

(A)

In general

(B)

Extended low-income housing commitment

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “extended low-income housing commitment” means any agreement between the taxpayer and the housing credit agency—

(i)

which requires that the applicable fraction (as defined in subsection (c)(1)) for the building for each taxable year in the extended use period will not be less than the applicable fraction specified in such agreement and which prohibits the actions described in subclauses (I) and (II) of subparagraph (E)(ii),

(ii)

which allows individuals who meet the income limitation applicable to the building under subsection (g) (whether prospective, present, or former occupants of the building) the right to enforce in any State court the requirement and prohibitions of clause (i),

(iii)

which prohibits the disposition to any person of any portion of the building to which such agreement applies unless all of the building to which such agreement applies is disposed of to such person,

(iv)

which prohibits the refusal to lease to a holder of a voucher or certificate of eligibility under section 8 of the United States Housing Act of 1937 because of the status of the prospective tenant as such a holder,

(v)

which is binding on all successors of the taxpayer, and

(vi)

which, with respect to the property, is recorded pursuant to State law as a restrictive covenant.

(C)

Allocation of credit may not exceed amount necessary to support commitment

(i)

In general

(ii)

Buildings financed by tax-exempt bonds

(D)

Extended use period

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “extended use period” means the period—

(i)

beginning on the 1st day in the compliance period on which such building is part of a qualified low-income housing project, and

(ii)

ending on the later of—

(I)

the date specified by such agency in such agreement, or

(II)

the date which is 15 years after the close of the compliance period.

(E)

Exceptions if foreclosure or if no buyer willing to maintain low-income status

(i)

In general

The extended use period for any building shall terminate—

(I)

on the date the building is acquired by foreclosure (or instrument in lieu of foreclosure) unless the Secretary determines that such acquisition is part of an arrangement with the taxpayer a purpose of which is to terminate such period, or

(II)

on the last day of the period specified in subparagraph (I) if the housing credit agency is unable to present during such period a qualified contract for the acquisition of the low-income portion of the building by any person who will continue to operate such portion as a qualified low-income building.

Subclause (II) shall not apply to the extent more stringent requirements are provided in the agreement or in State law.

(ii)

Eviction, etc. of existing low-income tenants not permitted

The termination of an extended use period under clause (i) shall not be construed to permit before the close of the 3-year period following such termination—

(I)

the eviction or the termination of tenancy (other than for good cause) of an existing tenant of any low-income unit, or

(II)

any increase in the gross rent with respect to such unit not otherwise permitted under this section.

(F)

Qualified contract

For purposes of subparagraph (E), the term “qualified contract” means a bona fide contract to acquire (within a reasonable period after the contract is entered into) the nonlow-income portion of the building for fair market value and the low-income portion of the building for an amount not less than the applicable fraction (specified in the extended low-income housing commitment) of—

(i)

the sum of—

(I)

the outstanding indebtedness secured by, or with respect to, the building,

(II)

the adjusted investor equity in the building, plus

(III)

other capital contributions not reflected in the amounts described in subclause (I) or (II), reduced by

(ii)

cash distributions from (or available for distribution from) the project.

The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out this paragraph, including regulations to prevent the manipulation of the amount determined under the preceding sentence.

(G)

Adjusted investor equity

(i)

In general

For purposes of subparagraph (E), the term “adjusted investor equity” means, with respect to any calendar year, the aggregate amount of cash taxpayers invested with respect to the project increased by the amount equal to—

(I)

such amount, multiplied by

(II)

the cost-of-living adjustment for such calendar year, determined under section 1(f)(3) by substituting the base calendar year for “calendar year 2016” in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof.

An amount shall be taken into account as an investment in the project only to the extent there was an obligation to invest such amount as of the beginning of the credit period and to the extent such amount is reflected in the adjusted basis of the project.

(ii)

Cost-of-living increases in excess of 5 percent not taken into account

(iii)

Base calendar year

(H)

Low-income portion

(I)

Period for finding buyer

(J)

Effect of noncompliance

(K)

Projects which consist of more than 1 building

(7)

Special rules

(A)

Building must be located within jurisdiction of credit agency

(B)

Agency allocations in excess of limit

(C)

Credit reduced if allocated credit dollar amount is less than credit which would be allowable without regard to placed in service convention, etc.

(i)

In general

(ii)

Determination of percentage

For purposes of clause (i), the clause (ii) percentage with respect to any building is the percentage which—

(I)

the housing credit dollar amount allocated to such building bears to

(II)

the credit amount determined in accordance with clause (iii).

(iii)

Determination of credit amount

The credit amount determined in accordance with this clause is the amount of the credit which would (but for this subparagraph) be determined under this section with respect to the building if—

(I)

this section were applied without regard to paragraphs (2)(A) and (3)(B) of subsection (f), and

(II)

subsection (f)(3)(A) were applied without regard to “the percentage equal to ⅔ of”.

(D)

Housing credit agency to specify applicable percentage and maximum qualified basis

(8)

Other definitions

For purposes of this subsection—

(A)

Housing credit agency

(B)

Possessions treated as States

(i)

Definitions and special rules

For purposes of this section—

(1)

Compliance period

(2)

Determination of whether building is federally subsidized

(A)

In general

(B)

Election to reduce eligible basis by proceeds of obligations

(C)

Special rule for subsidized construction financing

Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any tax-exempt obligation used to provide construction financing for any building if—

(i)

such obligation (when issued) identified the building for which the proceeds of such obligation would be used, and

(ii)

such obligation is redeemed before such building is placed in service.

(3)

Low-income unit

(A)

In general

The term “low-income unit” means any unit in a building if—

(i)

such unit is rent-restricted (as defined in subsection (g)(2)), and

(ii)

the individuals occupying such unit meet the income limitation applicable under subsection (g)(1) to the project of which such building is a part.

(B)

Exceptions

(i)

In general

(ii)

Suitability for occupancy

(iii)

Transitional housing for homeless

For purposes of clause (i), a unit shall be considered to be used other than on a transient basis if the unit contains sleeping accommodations and kitchen and bathroom facilities and is located in a building—

(I)

which is used exclusively to facilitate the transition of homeless individuals (within the meaning of section 103 of the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 11302), as in effect on the date of the enactment of this clause) to independent living within 24 months, and

(II)

in which a governmental entity or qualified nonprofit organization (as defined in subsection (h)(5)) provides such individuals with temporary housing and supportive services designed to assist such individuals in locating and retaining permanent housing.

(iv)

Single-room occupancy units

(C)

Special rule for buildings having 4 or fewer units

In the case of any building which has 4 or fewer residential rental units, no unit in such building shall be treated as a low-income unit if the units in such building are owned by—

(i)

any individual who occupies a residential unit in such building, or

(ii)

any person who is related (as defined in subsection (d)(2)(D)(iii)) to such individual.

(D)

Certain students not to disqualify unit

A unit shall not fail to be treated as a low-income unit merely because it is occupied—

(i)

by an individual who is—

(I)

a student and receiving assistance under title IV of the Social Security Act,

(II)

a student who was previously under the care and placement responsibility of the State agency responsible for administering a plan under part B or part E of title IV of the Social Security Act, or

(III)

enrolled in a job training program receiving assistance under the Job Training Partnership Act or under other similar Federal, State, or local laws, or

(ii)

entirely by full-time students if such students are—

(I)

single parents and their children and such parents are not dependents (as defined in section 152, determined without regard to subsections (b)(1), (b)(2), and (d)(1)(B) thereof) of another individual and such children are not dependents (as so defined) of another individual other than a parent of such children, or

(II)

married and file a joint return.

(E)

Owner-occupied buildings having 4 or fewer units eligible for credit where development plan

(i)

In general

(ii)

Limitation on credit

(iii)

Certain unrented units treated as owner-occupied

(4)

New building

(5)

Existing building

(6)

Application to estates and trusts

(7)

Impact of tenant’s right of 1st refusal to acquire property

(A)

In general

(B)

Minimum purchase price

For purposes of subparagraph (A), the minimum purchase price under this subparagraph is an amount equal to the sum of—

(i)

the principal amount of outstanding indebtedness secured by the building (other than indebtedness incurred within the 5-year period ending on the date of the sale to the tenants), and

(ii)

all Federal, State, and local taxes attributable to such sale.

Except in the case of Federal income taxes, there shall not be taken into account under clause (ii) any additional tax attributable to the application of clause (ii).

(8)

Treatment of rural projects

(9)

Coordination with low-income housing grants

(A)

Reduction in State housing credit ceiling for low-income housing grants received in 2009

(B)

Special rule for basis

(j)

Recapture of credit

(1)

In general

If—

(A)

as of the close of any taxable year in the compliance period, the amount of the qualified basis of any building with respect to the taxpayer is less than

(B)

the amount of such basis as of the close of the preceding taxable year,

then the taxpayer’s tax under this chapter for the taxable year shall be increased by the credit recapture amount.

(2)

Credit recapture amount

For purposes of paragraph (1), the credit recapture amount is an amount equal to the sum of—

(A)

the aggregate decrease in the credits allowed to the taxpayer under section 38 for all prior taxable years which would have resulted if the accelerated portion of the credit allowable by reason of this section were not allowed for all prior taxable years with respect to the excess of the amount described in paragraph (1)(B) over the amount described in paragraph (1)(A), plus

(B)

interest at the overpayment rate established under section 6621 on the amount determined under subparagraph (A) for each prior taxable year for the period beginning on the due date for filing the return for the prior taxable year involved.

No deduction shall be allowed under this chapter for interest described in subparagraph (B).

(3)

Accelerated portion of credit

For purposes of paragraph (2), the accelerated portion of the credit for the prior taxable years with respect to any amount of basis is the excess of—

(A)

the aggregate credit allowed by reason of this section (without regard to this subsection) for such years with respect to such basis, over

(B)

the aggregate credit which would be allowable by reason of this section for such years with respect to such basis if the aggregate credit which would (but for this subsection) have been allowable for the entire compliance period were allowable ratably over 15 years.

(4)

Special rules

(A)

Tax benefit rule

(B)

Only basis for which credit allowed taken into account

(C)

No recapture of additional credit allowable by reason of subsection (f)(3)

(D)

No credits against tax

(E)

No recapture by reason of casualty loss

(F)

No recapture where de minimis changes in floor space

The Secretary may provide that the increase in tax under this subsection shall not apply with respect to any building if—

(i)

such increase results from a de minimis change in the floor space fraction under subsection (c)(1), and

(ii)

the building is a qualified low-income building after such change.

(5)

Certain partnerships treated as the taxpayer

(A)

In general

For purposes of applying this subsection to a partnership to which this paragraph applies—

(i)

such partnership shall be treated as the taxpayer to which the credit allowable under subsection (a) was allowed,

(ii)

the amount of such credit allowed shall be treated as the amount which would have been allowed to the partnership were such credit allowable to such partnership,

(iii)

paragraph (4)(A) shall not apply, and

(iv)

the amount of the increase in tax under this subsection for any taxable year shall be allocated among the partners of such partnership in the same manner as such partnership’s taxable income for such year is allocated among such partners.

(B)

Partnerships to which paragraph applies

(C)

Special rules

(i)

Husband and wife treated as 1 partner

(ii)

Election irrevocable

(6)

No recapture on disposition of building which continues in qualified use

(A)

In general

(B)

Statute of limitations

If a building (or an interest therein) is disposed of during any taxable year and there is any reduction in the qualified basis of such building which results in an increase in tax under this subsection for such taxable or any subsequent taxable year, then—

(i)

the statutory period for the assessment of any deficiency with respect to such increase in tax shall not expire before the expiration of 3 years from the date the Secretary is notified by the taxpayer (in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe) of such reduction in qualified basis, and

(ii)

such deficiency may be assessed before the expiration of such 3-year period notwithstanding the provisions of any other law or rule of law which would otherwise prevent such assessment.

(k)

Application of at-risk rules

For purposes of this section—

(1)

In general

(2)

Special rules for determining qualified person

For purposes of paragraph (1)—

(A)

In general

If the requirements of subparagraphs (B), (C), and (D) are met with respect to any financing borrowed from a qualified nonprofit organization (as defined in subsection (h)(5)), the determination of whether such financing is qualified commercial financing with respect to any qualified low-income building shall be made without regard to whether such organization—

(i)

is actively and regularly engaged in the business of lending money, or

(ii)

is a person described in section 49(a)(1)(D)(iv)(II).

(B)

Financing secured by property

The requirements of this subparagraph are met with respect to any financing if such financing is secured by the qualified low-income building, except that this subparagraph shall not apply in the case of a federally assisted building described in subsection (d)(6)(C) if—

(i)

a security interest in such building is not permitted by a Federal agency holding or insuring the mortgage secured by such building, and

(ii)

the proceeds from the financing (if any) are applied to acquire or improve such building.

(C)

Portion of building attributable to financing

(D)

Repayment of principal and interest

The requirements of this subparagraph are met with respect to any financing if such financing is fully repaid on or before the earliest of—

(i)

the date on which such financing matures,

(ii)

the 90th day after the close of the compliance period with respect to the qualified low-income building, or

(iii)

the date of its refinancing or the sale of the building to which such financing relates.

In the case of a qualified nonprofit organization which is not described in section 49(a)(1)(D)(iv)(II) with respect to a building, clause (ii) of this subparagraph shall be applied as if the date described therein were the 90th day after the earlier of the date the building ceases to be a qualified low-income building or the date which is 15 years after the close of a compliance period with respect thereto.

(3)

Present value of financing

(4)

Failure to fully repay

(A)

In general

To the extent that the requirements of paragraph (2)(D) are not met, then the taxpayer’s tax under this chapter for the taxable year in which such failure occurs shall be increased by an amount equal to the applicable portion of the credit under this section with respect to such building, increased by an amount of interest for the period—

(i)

beginning with the due date for the filing of the return of tax imposed by chapter 1 for the 1st taxable year for which such credit was allowable, and

(ii)

ending with the due date for the taxable year in which such failure occurs,

determined by using the underpayment rate and method under section 6621.

(B)

Applicable portion

(C)

Certain rules to apply

(l)

Certifications and other reports to Secretary

(1)

Certification with respect to 1st year of credit period

Following the close of the 1st taxable year in the credit period with respect to any qualified low-income building, the taxpayer shall certify to the Secretary (at such time and in such form and in such manner as the Secretary prescribes)—

(A)

the taxable year, and calendar year, in which such building was placed in service,

(B)

the adjusted basis and eligible basis of such building as of the close of the 1st year of the credit period,

(C)

the maximum applicable percentage and qualified basis permitted to be taken into account by the appropriate housing credit agency under subsection (h),

(D)

the election made under subsection (g) with respect to the qualified low-income housing project of which such building is a part, and

(E)

such other information as the Secretary may require.

In the case of a failure to make the certification required by the preceding sentence on the date prescribed therefor, unless it is shown that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect, no credit shall be allowable by reason of subsection (a) with respect to such building for any taxable year ending before such certification is made.

(2)

Annual reports to the Secretary

The Secretary may require taxpayers to submit an information return (at such time and in such form and manner as the Secretary prescribes) for each taxable year setting forth—

(A)

the qualified basis for the taxable year of each qualified low-income building of the taxpayer,

(B)

the information described in paragraph (1)(C) for the taxable year, and

(C)

such other information as the Secretary may require.

The penalty under section 6652(j) shall apply to any failure to submit the return required by the Secretary under the preceding sentence on the date prescribed therefor.

(3)

Annual reports from housing credit agencies

Each agency which allocates any housing credit amount to any building for any calendar year shall submit to the Secretary (at such time and in such manner as the Secretary shall prescribe) an annual report specifying—

(A)

the amount of housing credit amount allocated to each building for such year,

(B)

sufficient information to identify each such building and the taxpayer with respect thereto, and

(C)

such other information as the Secretary may require.

The penalty under section 6652(j) shall apply to any failure to submit the report required by the preceding sentence on the date prescribed therefor.

(m)

Responsibilities of housing credit agencies

(1)

Plans for allocation of credit among projects

(A)

In general

Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the housing credit dollar amount with respect to any building shall be zero unless—

(i)

such amount was allocated pursuant to a qualified allocation plan of the housing credit agency which is approved by the governmental unit (in accordance with rules similar to the rules of section 147(f)(2) (other than subparagraph (B)(ii) thereof)) of which such agency is a part,

(ii)

such agency notifies the chief executive officer (or the equivalent) of the local jurisdiction within which the building is located of such project and provides such individual a reasonable opportunity to comment on the project,

(iii)

a comprehensive market study of the housing needs of low-income individuals in the area to be served by the project is conducted before the credit allocation is made and at the developer’s expense by a disinterested party who is approved by such agency, and

(iv)

a written explanation is available to the general public for any allocation of a housing credit dollar amount which is not made in accordance with established priorities and selection criteria of the housing credit agency.

(B)

Qualified allocation plan

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “qualified allocation plan” means any plan—

(i)

which sets forth selection criteria to be used to determine housing priorities of the housing credit agency which are appropriate to local conditions,

(ii)

which also gives preference in allocating housing credit dollar amounts among selected projects to—

(I)

projects serving the lowest income tenants,

(II)

projects obligated to serve qualified tenants for the longest periods, and

(III)

projects which are located in qualified census tracts (as defined in subsection (d)(5)(B)(ii)) and the development of which contributes to a concerted community revitalization plan, and

(iii)

which provides a procedure that the agency (or an agent or other private contractor of such agency) will follow in monitoring for noncompliance with the provisions of this section and in notifying the Internal Revenue Service of such noncompliance which such agency becomes aware of and in monitoring for noncompliance with habitability standards through regular site visits.

(C)

Certain selection criteria must be used

The selection criteria set forth in a qualified allocation plan must include

(i)

project location,

(ii)

housing needs characteristics,

(iii)

project characteristics, including whether the project includes the use of existing housing as part of a community revitalization plan,

(iv)

sponsor characteristics,

(v)

tenant populations with special housing needs,

(vi)

public housing waiting lists,

(vii)

tenant populations of individuals with children,

(viii)

projects intended for eventual tenant ownership,

(ix)

the energy efficiency of the project, and

(x)

the historic nature of the project.

(D)

Application to bond financed projects

(2)

Credit allocated to building not to exceed amount necessary to assure project feasibility

(A)

In general

(B)

Agency evaluation

In making the determination under subparagraph (A), the housing credit agency shall consider—

(i)

the sources and uses of funds and the total financing planned for the project,

(ii)

any proceeds or receipts expected to be generated by reason of tax benefits,

(iii)

the percentage of the housing credit dollar amount used for project costs other than the cost of intermediaries, and

(iv)

the reasonableness of the developmental and operational costs of the project.

Clause (iii) shall not be applied so as to impede the development of projects in hard-to-develop areas. Such a determination shall not be construed to be a representation or warranty as to the feasibility or viability of the project.

(C)

Determination made when credit amount applied for and when building placed in service

(i)

In general

A determination under subparagraph (A) shall be made as of each of the following times:

(I)

The application for the housing credit dollar amount.

(II)

The allocation of the housing credit dollar amount.

(III)

The date the building is placed in service.

(ii)

Certification as to amount of other subsidies

(D)

Application to bond financed projects

(n)

Regulations

The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section, including regulations—

(1)

dealing with—

(A)

projects which include more than 1 building or only a portion of a building,

(B)

buildings which are placed in service in portions,

(2)

providing for the application of this section to short taxable years,

(3)

preventing the avoidance of the rules of this section, and

(4)

providing the opportunity for housing credit agencies to correct administrative errors and omissions with respect to allocations and record keeping within a reasonable period after their discovery, taking into account the availability of regulations and other administrative guidance from the Secretary.

(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title II, § 252(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2189; amended Pub. L. 99–509, title VIII, § 8072(a), Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1964; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §§ 1002(l)(1)–(25), (32), 1007(g)(3)(B), title IV, §§ 4003(a), (b)(1), (3), 4004(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3373–3381, 3435, 3643, 3644; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §§ 7108(a)(1), (b)–(e)(2), (f)–(m), (n)(2)–(q), 7811(a), 7831(c), 7841(d)(13)–(15), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2306–2321, 2406, 2426, 2429; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §§ 11407(a)(1), (b)(1)–(9), 11701(a)(1)–(3)(A), (4), (5)(A), (6)–(10), 11812(b)(3), 11813(b)(3), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–474, 1388–475, 1388–505 to 1388–507, 1388–535, 1388–551; Pub. L. 102–227, title I, § 107(a), Dec. 11, 1991, 105 Stat. 1687; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13142(a)(1), (b)(1)–(5), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 437–439; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, § 1704(t)(53), (64), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1890; Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, § 6004(g)(5), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 796; Pub. L. 106–400, § 2, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1675; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title I, §§ 131(a)–(c), 132–136], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–610 to 2763A–613; Pub. L. 107–147, title IV, § 417(2), (3), Mar. 9, 2002, 116 Stat. 56; Pub. L. 108–311, title II, § 207(8), title IV, § 408(a)(3), Oct. 4, 2004, 118 Stat. 1177, 1191; Pub. L. 110–142, § 6(a), Dec. 20, 2007, 121 Stat. 1806; Pub. L. 110–289, div. C, title I, §§ 3001–3002(b), 3003(a)–(g), 3004(a)–(g), 3007(b), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2878–2884, 2886; Pub. L. 111–5, div. B, title I, § 1404, Feb. 17, 2009, 123 Stat. 352; Pub. L. 112–240, title III, § 302(a), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2328; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title I, § 112(a), title II, §§ 212(a), 221(a)(7), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4014, 4033, 4038; Pub. L. 114–113, div. Q, title I, § 131(a), (b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 3055; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, § 11002(d)(1)(G), (3), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2060, 2061; Pub. L. 115–141, div. T, §§ 102(a), 103(a), (b), div. U, title IV, § 401(a)(10)–(13), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1157, 1184, 1185; Pub. L. 116–260, div. EE, title II, § 201(a), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3056.)

cite as: 26 USC 42