(a) Overview. Under section 3406 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code), a payor must deduct and withhold an amount equal to the product of the fourth lowest rate of tax applicable under section 1(c) of the Code and a reportable payment if a condition for withholding exists. Reportable payments mean interest and dividend payments (as defined in section 3406(b)(2)) and other reportable payments (as defined in section 3406(b)(3)). The conditions described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section apply to all reportable payments, including reportable interest and dividend payments. The conditions described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section apply only to reportable interest and dividend payments.

(b) Conditions that invoke the backup withholding requirement—(1) Conditions applicable to all reportable payments. A payor of a reportable payment must deduct and withhold under section 3406 if—

(i) The payee of the reportable payment does not furnish the payee's taxpayer identification number to the payor, as required in section 3406(a)(1)(A) and § 31.3406(d)-1; or

(ii) The Internal Revenue Service or a broker notifies the payor that the taxpayer identification number furnished by its payee for a reportable payment is incorrect, as described in section 3406(a)(1)(B) and § 31.3406(d)-5.

(2) Conditions applicable only to reportable interest or dividend payments. A payor of a reportable interest or dividend payment must deduct and withhold under section 3406 if—

(i) The Internal Revenue Service or a broker notifies the payor that its payee has underreported interest or dividend income, as described in section 3406(a)(1)(C) and § 31.3406(c)-1; or

(ii) The payee fails to certify to the payor or broker that the payee is not subject to withholding due to notified payee underreporting, as described in section 3406(a)(1)(D) and § 31.3406(d)-2.

(c) Exceptions. The requirement to withhold does not apply to certain de minimis payments as described in §§ 31.3406(b)(3)-1(b)(3), 31.3406(b)(3)-5(b)(2), and 31.3406(b)(4)-1 or to payments exempt from withholding under §§ 31.3406(g)-1 through 31.3406(g)-3.

(d) Cross references. For the definition of payor, see § 31.3406(a)-2. For the definition of taxpayer identification number, see § 31.3406(h)-1(b).

(e) Applicability date. The provisions of this section apply with respect to payments made in calendar years beginning after December 31, 2024.