(a) Anticipated external loads (e.g., earthquakes, vibration, thermal expansion, and contraction) must be provided for in a pipeline system's design. Sections 401, 402, 403.3, and 403.9 of ASME B31.4 (incorporated by reference, see § 195.3) must be followed to provide for expansion and flexibility.

(b) The pipe and other components must be supported in such a way that the support does not cause excess localized stresses. In designing attachments to pipe, the added stress to the wall of the pipe must be computed and compensated for.