49 USC 40128 - Overflights of national parks

U.S Code last checked for updates: Apr 11, 2026

§ 40128.

Overflights of national parks

(a)

In General.—

(1)

General requirements.—

A commercial air tour operator may not conduct commercial air tour operations over a national park or tribal lands, as defined by this section, except—

(A)

in accordance with this section;

(B)

in accordance with conditions and limitations prescribed for that operator by the Administrator; and

(C)

in accordance with any applicable air tour management plan or voluntary agreement under subsection (b)(7) for the park or tribal lands.

(2)

Application for operating authority.—

(A)

Application required.—

Before commencing commercial air tour operations over a national park or tribal lands, a commercial air tour operator shall apply to the Administrator for authority to conduct the operations over the park or tribal lands.

(B)

Competitive bidding for limited capacity parks.—

Whenever an air tour management plan limits the number of commercial air tour operations over a national park during a specified time frame, the Administrator, in cooperation with the Director, shall issue operation specifications to commercial air tour operators that conduct such operations. The operation specifications shall include such terms and conditions as the Administrator and the Director find necessary for management of commercial air tour operations over the park. The Administrator, in cooperation with the Director, shall develop an open competitive process for evaluating proposals from persons interested in providing commercial air tour operations over the park. In making a selection from among various proposals submitted, the Administrator, in cooperation with the Director, shall consider relevant factors, including—

(i)

the safety record of the person submitting the proposal or pilots employed by the person;

(ii)

any quiet aircraft technology proposed to be used by the person submitting the proposal;

(iii)

the experience of the person submitting the proposal with commercial air tour operations over other national parks or scenic areas;

(iv)

the financial capability of the person submitting the proposal;

(v)

any training programs for pilots provided by the person submitting the proposal; and

(vi)

responsiveness of the person submitting the proposal to any relevant criteria developed by the National Park Service for the affected park.

(C)

Number of operations authorized.—

In determining the number of authorizations to issue to provide commercial air tour operations over a national park, the Administrator, in cooperation with the Director, shall take into consideration the provisions of the air tour management plan, the number of existing commercial air tour operators and current level of service and equipment provided by any such operators, and the financial viability of each commercial air tour operation.

(D)

Cooperation with nps.—

Before granting an application under this paragraph, the Administrator, in cooperation with the Director, shall develop an air tour management plan in accordance with subsection (b) and implement such plan.

(E)

Time limit on response to atmp applications.—

The Administrator shall make every effort to act on any application under this paragraph and issue a decision on the application not later than 24 months after it is received or amended.

(F)

Priority.—

In acting on applications under this paragraph to provide commercial air tour operations over a national park, the Administrator shall give priority to an application under this paragraph in any case in which a new entrant commercial air tour operator is seeking operating authority with respect to that national park.

(3)

Exception.—

Notwithstanding paragraph (1), commercial air tour operators may conduct commercial air tour operations over a national park under part 91 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations if—

(A)

such activity is permitted under part 119 of such title;

(B)

the operator secures a letter of agreement from the Administrator and the national park superintendent for that national park describing the conditions under which the operations will be conducted; and

(C)

the total number of operations under this exception is limited to not more than five flights in any 30-day period over a particular park.

(4)

Special rule for safety requirements.—

Notwithstanding subsection (c), an existing commercial air tour operator shall apply, not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this section, for operating authority under part 119, 121, or 135 of title 14, Code of Federal Regulations. A new entrant commercial air tour operator shall apply for such authority before conducting commercial air tour operations over a national park or tribal lands. The Administrator shall make every effort to act on any such application for a new entrant and issue a decision on the application not later than 24 months after it is received or amended.

(5)

Exemption for national parks with 50 or fewer flights each year.—

(A)

In general.—

Notwithstanding paragraph (1), a national park that has 50 or fewer commercial air tour operations over the park each year shall be exempt from the requirements of this section, except as provided in subparagraph (B).

(B)

Withdrawal of exemption.—

If the Director determines that an air tour management plan or voluntary agreement is necessary to protect park resources and values or park visitor use and enjoyment, the Director shall withdraw the exemption of a park under subparagraph (A).

(C)

List of parks.—

(i)

In general.—

The Director and Administrator shall jointly publish a list each year of national parks that are covered by the exemption provided under this paragraph.

(ii)

Notification of withdrawal of exemption.—

The Director shall inform the Administrator, in writing, of each determination to withdraw an exemption under subparagraph (B).

(D)

Annual report.—

A commercial air tour operator conducting commercial air tour operations over a national park that is exempt from the requirements of this section shall submit to the Administrator and the Director a report each year that includes the number of commercial air tour operations the operator conducted during the preceding 1-year period over such park.

(b)

Air Tour Management Plans.—

(1)

Establishment.—

(A)

In general.—

The Administrator, in cooperation with the Director, shall establish an air tour management plan for any national park or tribal land for which such a plan is not in effect whenever a person applies for authority to conduct a commercial air tour operation over the park. The air tour management plan shall be developed by means of a public process in accordance with paragraph (4).

(B)

The objective of any air tour management plan shall be to develop acceptable and effective measures to mitigate or prevent the significant adverse impacts, if any, of commercial air tour operations upon the natural and cultural resources, visitor experiences, and tribal lands.

(C)

Exception.—

An application to begin or expand commercial air tour operations at Crater Lake National Park or Great Smoky Mountains National Park may be denied without the establishment of an air tour management plan by the Director of the National Park Service if the Director determines that such operations would adversely affect park resources or visitor experiences.

(2)

Environmental determination.—

In establishing an air tour management plan under this subsection, the Administrator and the Director shall each sign the environmental decision document required by section 102 of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4332) which may include a finding of no significant impact, an environmental assessment, or an environmental impact statement and the record of decision for the air tour management plan.

(3)

Contents.—

An air tour management plan for a national park—

(A)

may prohibit commercial air tour operations over a national park in whole or in part;

(B)

may establish conditions for the conduct of commercial air tour operations over a national park, including commercial air tour routes, maximum or minimum altitudes, time-of-day restrictions, restrictions for particular events, maximum number of flights per unit of time, intrusions on privacy on tribal lands, and mitigation of noise, visual, or other impacts;

(C)

shall apply to all commercial air tour operations over a national park that are also within ½ mile outside the boundary of a national park;

(D)

shall include incentives (such as preferred commercial air tour routes and altitudes, relief from caps and curfews) for the adoption of quiet aircraft technology by commercial air tour operators conducting commercial air tour operations over a national park;

(E)

shall provide for the initial allocation of opportunities to conduct commercial air tour operations over a national park if the plan includes a limitation on the number of commercial air tour operations for any time period; and

(F)

shall justify and document the need for measures taken pursuant to subparagraphs (A) through (E) and include such justifications in the record of decision.

(4)

Procedure.—

In establishing an air tour management plan for a national park or tribal lands, the Administrator and the Director shall—

(A)

hold at least one public meeting with interested parties to develop the air tour management plan;

(B)

publish the proposed plan in the Federal Register for notice and comment and make copies of the proposed plan available to the public;

(C)

comply with the regulations set forth in sections 1501.3 and 1501.5 through 1501.8 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (for purposes of complying with the regulations, the Federal Aviation Administration shall be the lead agency and the National Park Service is a cooperating agency);

(D)

solicit the participation of any Indian tribe whose tribal lands are, or may be, overflown by aircraft involved in a commercial air tour operation over the park or tribal lands to which the plan applies, as a cooperating agency under the regulations referred to in subparagraph (C); and

(E)

consult with the advisory group established under section 805 of the National Parks Air Tour Management Act of 2000 (49 U.S.C. 40128 note) and consider all advice, information, and recommendations provided by the advisory group to the Administrator and the Director.

(5)

Judicial review.—

An air tour management plan developed under this subsection shall be subject to judicial review.

(6)

Amendments.—

The Administrator, in cooperation with the Director, may make amendments to an air tour management plan. Any such amendments shall be published in the Federal Register for notice and comment. A request for amendment of an air tour management plan shall be made in such form and manner as the Administrator may prescribe.

(7)

Voluntary agreements.—

(A)

In general.—

As an alternative to an air tour management plan, the Director and the Administrator may enter into a voluntary agreement with a commercial air tour operator (including a new entrant commercial air tour operator and an operator that has interim operating authority) that has applied to conduct commercial air tour operations over a national park to manage commercial air tour operations over such national park.

(B)

Park protection.—

A voluntary agreement under this paragraph with respect to commercial air tour operations over a national park shall address the management issues necessary to protect the resources of such park and visitor use of such park without compromising aviation safety or the air traffic control system and may—

(i)

include provisions such as those described in subparagraphs (B) through (E) of paragraph (3);

(ii)

include provisions to ensure the stability of, and compliance with, the voluntary agreement; and

(iii)

provide for fees for such operations.

(C)

Public review.—

The Director and the Administrator shall provide an opportunity for public review of a proposed voluntary agreement under this paragraph and shall consult with any Indian tribe whose tribal lands are, or may be, flown over by a commercial air tour operator under a voluntary agreement under this paragraph. After such opportunity for public review and consultation, the voluntary agreement may be implemented without further administrative or environmental process beyond that described in this subsection.

(D)

Termination.—

(i)

In general.—

A voluntary agreement under this paragraph may be terminated at any time at the discretion of—

(I)

the Director, if the Director determines that the agreement is not adequately protecting park resources or visitor experiences; or

(II)

the Administrator, if the Administrator determines that the agreement is adversely affecting aviation safety or the national aviation system.

(ii)

Effect of termination.—

If a voluntary agreement with respect to a national park is terminated under this subparagraph, the operators shall conform to the requirements for interim operating authority under subsection (c) until an air tour management plan for the park is in effect.

(c)

Interim Operating Authority.—

(1)

In general.—

Upon application for operating authority, the Administrator shall grant interim operating authority under this subsection to a commercial air tour operator for commercial air tour operations over a national park or tribal lands for which the operator is an existing commercial air tour operator.

(2)

Requirements and limitations.—

Interim operating authority granted under this subsection—

(A)

shall provide annual authorization only for the greater of—

(i)

the number of flights used by the operator to provide the commercial air tour operations over a national park within the 12-month period prior to the date of the enactment of this section; or

(ii)

the average number of flights per 12-month period used by the operator to provide such operations within the 36-month period prior to such date of enactment, and, for seasonal operations, the number of flights so used during the season or seasons covered by that 12-month period;

(B)

may not provide for an increase in the number of commercial air tour operations over a national park conducted during any time period by the commercial air tour operator above the number that the air tour operator was originally granted unless such an increase is agreed to by the Administrator and the Director;

(C)

shall be published in the Federal Register to provide notice and opportunity for comment;

(D)

may be revoked by the Administrator for cause;

(E)

shall terminate 180 days after the date on which an air tour management plan is established for the park or tribal lands;

(F)

shall promote protection of national park resources, visitor experiences, and tribal lands;

(G)

shall promote safe commercial air tour operations;

(H)

shall promote the adoption of quiet technology, as appropriate; and

(I)

may allow for modifications of the interim operating authority without further environmental review beyond that described in this subsection, if—

(i)

adequate information regarding the existing and proposed operations of the operator under the interim operating authority is provided to the Administrator and the Director;

(ii)

the Administrator determines that there would be no adverse impact on aviation safety or the air traffic control system; and

(iii)

the Director agrees with the modification, based on the professional expertise of the Director regarding the protection of the resources, values, and visitor use and enjoyment of the park.

(3)

New entrant air tour operators.—

(A)

In general.—

The Administrator, in cooperation with the Director, may grant interim operating authority under this paragraph to an air tour operator for a national park or tribal lands for which that operator is a new entrant air tour operator without further environmental process beyond that described in this paragraph, if—

(i)

adequate information on the proposed operations of the operator is provided to the Administrator and the Director by the operator making the request;

(ii)

the Administrator agrees that there would be no adverse impact on aviation safety or the air traffic control system; and

(iii)

the Director agrees, based on the Director’s professional expertise regarding the protection of park resources and values and visitor use and enjoyment.

(B)

Safety limitation.—

The Administrator may not grant interim operating authority under subparagraph (A) if the Administrator determines that it would create a safety problem at the park or on the tribal lands, or the Director determines that it would create a noise problem at the park or on the tribal lands.

(C)

ATMP limitation.—

The Administrator may grant interim operating authority under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph only if the air tour management plan for the park or tribal lands to which the application relates has not been developed within 24 months after the date of the enactment of this section.

(d)

Commercial Air Tour Operator Reports.—

(1)

Report.—

Each commercial air tour operator conducting a commercial air tour operation over a national park under interim operating authority granted under subsection (c) or in accordance with an air tour management plan or voluntary agreement under subsection (b) shall submit to the Administrator and the Director a report regarding the number of commercial air tour operations over each national park that are conducted by the operator and such other information as the Administrator and Director may request in order to facilitate administering the provisions of this section.

(2)

Report submission.—

Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, the Administrator and the Director shall jointly issue an initial request for reports under this subsection. The reports shall be submitted to the Administrator and the Director with a frequency and in a format prescribed by the Administrator and the Director.

(e)

Exemptions.—

This section shall not apply to—

(1)

the Grand Canyon National Park; or

(2)

tribal lands within or abutting the Grand Canyon National Park.

(f)

Lake Mead.—

This section shall not apply to any air tour operator while flying over or near the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, solely as a transportation route, to conduct an air tour over the Grand Canyon National Park. For purposes of this subsection, an air tour operator flying over the Hoover Dam in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area en route to the Grand Canyon National Park shall be deemed to be flying solely as a transportation route.

(g)

Definitions.—

In this section, the following definitions apply:

(1)

Commercial air tour operator.—

The term “commercial air tour operator” means any person who conducts a commercial air tour operation over a national park.

(2)

Existing commercial air tour operator.—

The term “existing commercial air tour operator” means a commercial air tour operator that was actively engaged in the business of providing commercial air tour operations over a national park at any time during the 12-month period ending on the date of the enactment of this section.

(3)

New entrant commercial air tour operator.—

The term “new entrant commercial air tour operator” means a commercial air tour operator that—

(A)

applies for operating authority as a commercial air tour operator for a national park or tribal lands; and

(B)

has not engaged in the business of providing commercial air tour operations over the national park or tribal lands in the 12-month period preceding the application.

(4)

Commercial air tour operation over a national park.—

(A)

In general.—

The term “commercial air tour operation over a national park” means any flight, conducted for compensation or hire in a powered aircraft where a purpose of the flight is sightseeing over a national park, within ½ mile outside the boundary of any national park (except the Grand Canyon National Park), or over tribal lands (except those within or abutting the Grand Canyon National Park), during which the aircraft flies—

(i)

below a minimum altitude, determined by the Administrator in cooperation with the Director, above ground level (except solely for purposes of takeoff or landing, or necessary for safe operation of an aircraft as determined under the rules and regulations of the Federal Aviation Administration requiring the pilot-in-command to take action to ensure the safe operation of the aircraft); or

(ii)

less than 1 mile laterally from any geographic feature within the park (unless more than ½ mile outside the boundary).

(B)

Factors to consider.—

In making a determination of whether a flight is a commercial air tour operation over a national park for purposes of this section, the Administrator may consider—

(i)

whether there was a holding out to the public of willingness to conduct a sightseeing flight for compensation or hire;

(ii)

whether a narrative that referred to areas or points of interest on the surface below the route of the flight was provided by the person offering the flight;

(iii)

the area of operation;

(iv)

the frequency of flights conducted by the person offering the flight;

(v)

the route of flight;

(vi)

the inclusion of sightseeing flights as part of any travel arrangement package offered by the person offering the flight;

(vii)

whether the flight would have been canceled based on poor visibility of the surface below the route of the flight; and

(viii)

any other factors that the Administrator and the Director consider appropriate.

(5)

National park.—

The term “national park” means any unit of the National Park System.

(6)

Tribal lands.—

The term “tribal lands” means Indian country (as that term is defined in section 1151 of title 18) that is within or abutting a national park.

(7)

Administrator.—

The term “Administrator” means the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.

(8)

Director.—

The term “Director” means the Director of the National Park Service.

cite as: 49 USC 40128

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