26 USC 7701 - Definitions

U.S Code last checked for updates: Aug 29, 2025

§ 7701.

Definitions

(a)

When used in this title, where not otherwise distinctly expressed or manifestly incompatible with the intent thereof—

(1)

Person

(2)

Partnership and partner

(3)

Corporation

(4)

Domestic

(5)

Foreign

(6)

Fiduciary

(7)

Stock

(8)

Shareholder

(9)

United States

(10)

State

(11)

Secretary of the Treasury and Secretary

(A)

Secretary of the Treasury

(B)

Secretary

(12)

Delegate

(A)

In general

The term “or his delegate”—

(i)

when used with reference to the Secretary of the Treasury, means any officer, employee, or agency of the Treasury Department duly authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury directly, or indirectly by one or more redelegations of authority, to perform the function mentioned or described in the context; and

(ii)

when used with reference to any other official of the United States, shall be similarly construed.

(B)

Performance of certain functions in Guam or American Samoa

(13)

Commissioner

(14)

Taxpayer

(15)

Military or naval forces and armed forces of the United States

(16)

Withholding agent

(17)

Husband and wife

(18)

International organization

(19)

Domestic building and loan association

The term “domestic building and loan association” means a domestic building and loan association, a domestic savings and loan association, and a Federal savings and loan association—

(A)

which is subject by law to supervision and examination by State or Federal authority having supervision over such associations;

(B)

the business of which consists principally of acquiring the savings of the public and investing in loans; and

(C)

at least 60 percent of the amount of the total assets of which (at the close of the taxable year) consists of—

(i)

cash,

(ii)

obligations of the United States or of a State or political subdivision thereof, and stock or obligations of a corporation which is an instrumentality of the United States or of a State or political subdivision thereof, but not including obligations the interest on which is excludable from gross income under section 103,

(iii)

certificates of deposit in, or obligations of, a corporation organized under a State law which specifically authorizes such corporation to insure the deposits or share accounts of member associations,

(iv)

loans secured by a deposit or share of a member,

(v)

loans (including redeemable ground rents, as defined in section 1055) secured by an interest in real property which is (or, from the proceeds of the loan, will become) residential real property or real property used primarily for church purposes, loans made for the improvement of residential real property or real property used primarily for church purposes, provided that for purposes of this clause, residential real property shall include single or multifamily dwellings, facilities in residential developments dedicated to public use or property used on a nonprofit basis for residents, and mobile homes not used on a transient basis,

(vi)

loans secured by an interest in real property located within an urban renewal area to be developed for predominantly residential use under an urban renewal plan approved by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under part A or part B of title I of the Housing Act of 1949, as amended, or located within any area covered by a program eligible for assistance under section 103 of the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966, as amended, and loans made for the improvement of any such real property,

(vii)

loans secured by an interest in educational, health, or welfare institutions or facilities, including structures designed or used primarily for residential purposes for students, residents, and persons under care, employees, or members of the staff of such institutions or facilities,

(viii)

property acquired through the liquidation of defaulted loans described in clause (v), (vi), or (vii),

(ix)

loans made for the payment of expenses of college or university education or vocational training, in accordance with such regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary,

(x)

property used by the association in the conduct of the business described in subparagraph (B), and

(xi)

any regular or residual interest in a REMIC, but only in the proportion which the assets of such REMIC consist of property described in any of the preceding clauses of this subparagraph; except that if 95 percent or more of the assets of such REMIC are assets described in clauses (i) through (x), the entire interest in the REMIC shall qualify.

At the election of the taxpayer, the percentage specified in this subparagraph shall be applied on the basis of the average assets outstanding during the taxable year, in lieu of the close of the taxable year, computed under regulations prescribed by the Secretary. For purposes of clause (v), if a multifamily structure securing a loan is used in part for nonresidential purposes, the entire loan is deemed a residential real property loan if the planned residential use exceeds 80 percent of the property’s planned use (determined as of the time the loan is made). For purposes of clause (v), loans made to finance the acquisition or development of land shall be deemed to be loans secured by an interest in residential real property if, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, there is reasonable assurance that the property will become residential real property within a period of 3 years from the date of acquisition of such land; but this sentence shall not apply for any taxable year unless, within such 3-year period, such land becomes residential real property. For purposes of determining whether any interest in a REMIC qualifies under clause (xi), any regular interest in another REMIC held by such REMIC shall be treated as a loan described in a preceding clause under principles similar to the principles of clause (xi); except that, if such REMIC’s are part of a tiered structure, they shall be treated as 1 REMIC for purposes of clause (xi).

(20)

Employee

(21)

Levy

(22)

Attorney General

(23)

Taxable year

(24)

Fiscal year

(25)

Paid or incurred, paid or accrued

(26)

Trade or business

(27)

Tax Court

(28)

Other terms

(29)

Internal Revenue Code

(30)

United States person

The term “United States person” means—

(A)

a citizen or resident of the United States,

(B)

a domestic partnership,

(C)

a domestic corporation,

(D)

any estate (other than a foreign estate, within the meaning of paragraph (31)), and

(E)

any trust if—

(i)

a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust, and

(ii)

one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust.

(31)

Foreign estate or trust

(A)

Foreign estate

(B)

Foreign trust

(32)

Cooperative bank

The term “cooperative bank” means an institution without capital stock organized and operated for mutual purposes and without profit, which—

(A)

is subject by law to supervision and examination by State or Federal authority having supervision over such institutions, and

(B)

meets the requirements of subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (19) of this subsection (relating to definition of domestic building and loan association).

In determining whether an institution meets the requirements referred to in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, any reference to an association or to a domestic building and loan association contained in paragraph (19) shall be deemed to be a reference to such institution.

(33)

Regulated public utility

The term “regulated public utility” means—

(A)

A corporation engaged in the furnishing or sale of—

(i)

electric energy, gas, water, or sewerage disposal services, or

(ii)

transportation (not included in subparagraph (C)) on an intrastate, suburban, municipal, or interurban electric railroad, on an intrastate, municipal, or suburban trackless trolley system, or on a municipal or suburban bus system, or

(iii)

transportation (not included in clause (ii)) by motor vehicle—

if the rates for such furnishing or sale, as the case may be, have been established or approved by a State or political subdivision thereof, by an agency or instrumentality of the United States, by a public service or public utility commission or other similar body of the District of Columbia or of any State or political subdivision thereof, or by a foreign country or an agency or instrumentality or political subdivision thereof.

(B)

A corporation engaged as a common carrier in the furnishing or sale of transportation of gas by pipe line, if subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

(C)

A corporation engaged as a common carrier (i) in the furnishing or sale of transportation by railroad, if subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board, or (ii) in the furnishing or sale of transportation of oil or other petroleum products (including shale oil) by pipe line, if subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission or if the rates for such furnishing or sale are subject to the jurisdiction of a public service or public utility commission or other similar body of the District of Columbia or of any State.

(D)

A corporation engaged in the furnishing or sale of telephone or telegraph service, if the rates for such furnishing or sale meet the requirements of subparagraph (A).

(E)

A corporation engaged in the furnishing or sale of transportation as a common carrier by air, subject to the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Transportation.

(F)

A corporation engaged in the furnishing or sale of transportation by a water carrier subject to jurisdiction under subchapter II of chapter 135 of title 49.

(G)

A rail carrier subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49, if (i) substantially all of its railroad properties have been leased to another such railroad corporation or corporations by an agreement or agreements entered into before January 1, 1954, (ii) each lease is for a term of more than 20 years, and (iii) at least 80 percent or more of its gross income (computed without regard to dividends and capital gains and losses) for the taxable year is derived from such leases and from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive. For purposes of the preceding sentence, an agreement for lease of railroad properties entered into before January 1, 1954, shall be considered to be a lease including such term as the total number of years of such agreement may, unless sooner terminated, be renewed or continued under the terms of the agreement, and any such renewal or continuance under such agreement shall be considered part of the lease entered into before January 1, 1954.

(H)

A common parent corporation which is a common carrier by railroad subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49 if at least 80 percent of its gross income (computed without regard to capital gains or losses) is derived directly or indirectly from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive. For purposes of the preceding sentence, dividends and interest, and income from leases described in subparagraph (G), received from a regulated public utility shall be considered as derived from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive, if the regulated public utility is a member of an affiliated group (as defined in section 1504) which includes the common parent corporation.

The term “regulated public utility” does not (except as provided in subparagraphs (G) and (H)) include a corporation described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive, unless 80 percent or more of its gross income (computed without regard to dividends and capital gains and losses) for the taxable year is derived from sources described in subparagraphs (A) through (F), inclusive. If the taxpayer establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that (i) its revenue from regulated rates described in subparagraph (A) or (D) and its revenue derived from unregulated rates are derived from the operation of a single interconnected and coordinated system or from the operation of more than one such system, and (ii) the unregulated rates have been and are substantially as favorable to users and consumers as are the regulated rates, then such revenue from such unregulated rates shall be considered, for purposes of the preceding sentence, as income derived from sources described in subparagraph (A) or (D).

[(34)

Repealed. Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, § 4112(b)(11), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 792]

(35)

Enrolled actuary

(36)

Tax return preparer

(A)

In general

(B)

Exceptions

A person shall not be a “tax return preparer” merely because such person—

(i)

furnishes typing, reproducing, or other mechanical assistance,

(ii)

prepares a return or claim for refund of the employer (or of an officer or employee of the employer) by whom he is regularly and continuously employed,

(iii)

prepares as a fiduciary a return or claim for refund for any person, or

(iv)

prepares a claim for refund for a taxpayer in response to any notice of deficiency issued to such taxpayer or in response to any waiver of restriction after the commencement of an audit of such taxpayer or another taxpayer if a determination in such audit of such other taxpayer directly or indirectly affects the tax liability of such taxpayer.

(37)

Individual retirement plan

The term “individual retirement plan” means—

(A)

an individual retirement account described in section 408(a), and

(B)

an individual retirement annuity described in section 408(b).

(38)

Joint return

(39)

Persons residing outside United States

If any citizen or resident of the United States does not reside in (and is not found in) any United States judicial district, such citizen or resident shall be treated as residing in the District of Columbia for purposes of any provision of this title relating to—

(A)

jurisdiction of courts, or

(B)

enforcement of summons.

(40)

Indian tribal government

(A)

In general

(B)

Special rule for Alaska Natives

(41)

TIN

(42)

Substituted basis property

The term “substituted basis property” means property which is—

(A)

transferred basis property, or

(B)

exchanged basis property.

(43)

Transferred basis property

(44)

Exchanged basis property

(45)

Nonrecognition transaction

(46)

Determination of whether there is a collective bargaining agreement

[(47)

Repealed. Pub. L. 111–312, title III, § 301(a), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3300]

(48)

Off-highway vehicles

(A)

Off-highway transportation vehicles

(i)

In general

(ii)

Determination of vehicle’s design

(iii)

Determination of substantial limitation or impairment

(B)

Nontransportation trailers and semitrailers

(49)

Qualified blood collector organization

The term “qualified blood collector organization” means an organization which is—

(A)

described in section 501(c)(3) and exempt from tax under section 501(a),

(B)

primarily engaged in the activity of the collection of human blood,

(C)

registered with the Secretary for purposes of excise tax exemptions, and

(D)

registered by the Food and Drug Administration to collect blood.

(50)

Termination of United States citizenship

(A)

In general

(B)

Dual citizens

(51)

Prohibited foreign entity

(A)

In general

(i)

Definition

(ii)

Determination

(I)

In general

(II)

Initial taxable year

(B)

Specified foreign entity

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “specified foreign entity” means—

(i)

a foreign entity of concern described in subparagraph (A), (B), (D), or (E) of section 9901(8) of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (Public Law 116–283; 15 U.S.C. 4651),

(ii)

an entity identified as a Chinese military company operating in the United States in accordance with section 1260H of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (Public Law 116–283; 10 U.S.C. 113 note),

(iii)

an entity included on a list required by clause (i), (ii), (iv), or (v) of section 2(d)(2)(B) of Public Law 117–78 (135 Stat. 1527),

(iv)

an entity specified under section 154(b) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 (Public Law 118–31; 10 U.S.C. note prec. 4651), or

(v)

a foreign-controlled entity.

(C)

Foreign-controlled entity

For purposes of subparagraph (B), the term “foreign-controlled entity” means—

(i)

the government (including any level of government below the national level) of a covered nation,

(ii)

an agency or instrumentality of a government described in clause (i),

(iii)

a person who is a citizen or national of a covered nation, provided that such person is not an individual who is a citizen, national, or lawful permanent resident of the United States,

(iv)

an entity or a qualified business unit (as defined in section 989(a)) incorporated or organized under the laws of, or having its principal place of business in, a covered nation, or

(v)

an entity (including subsidiary entities) controlled (as determined under subparagraph (G)) by an entity described in clause (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv).

(D)

Foreign-influenced entity

(i)

In general

For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “foreign-influenced entity” means an entity—

(I)

with respect to which, during the taxable year—

(aa)

a specified foreign entity has the direct authority to appoint a covered officer of such entity,

(bb)

a single specified foreign entity owns at least 25 percent of such entity,

(cc)

one or more specified foreign entities own in the aggregate at least 40 percent of such entity, or

(dd)

at least 15 percent of the debt of such entity has been issued, in the aggregate, to 1 or more specified foreign entities, or

(II)

which, during the previous taxable year, made a payment to a specified foreign entity pursuant to a contract, agreement, or other arrangement which entitles such specified foreign entity (or an entity related to such specified foreign entity) to exercise effective control over—

(aa)

any qualified facility or energy storage technology of the taxpayer (or any person related to the taxpayer), or

(bb)

with respect to any eligible component produced by the taxpayer (or any person related to the taxpayer)—

(AA)

the extraction, processing, or recycling of any applicable critical mineral, or

(BB)

the production of an eligible component which is not an applicable critical mineral.

(ii)

Effective control

(I)

In general

(aa)

General rule

(bb)

Guidance

(II)

Application of rules prior to issuance of guidance

During any period prior to the date that the guidance described in subclause (I)(bb) is issued by the Secretary, for purposes of clause (i)(II), the term “effective control” means the unrestricted contractual right of a contractual counterparty to—

(aa)

determine the quantity or timing of production of an eligible component produced by the taxpayer,

(bb)

determine the amount or timing of activities related to the production of electricity undertaken at a qualified facility of the taxpayer or the storage of electrical energy in energy storage technology of the taxpayer,

(cc)

determine which entity may purchase or use the output of a production unit of the taxpayer that produces eligible components,

(dd)

determine which entity may purchase or use the output of a qualified facility of the taxpayer,

(ee)

restrict access to data critical to production or storage of energy undertaken at a qualified facility of the taxpayer, or to the site of production or any part of a qualified facility or energy storage technology of the taxpayer, to the personnel or agents of such contractual counterparty, or

(ff)

on an exclusive basis, maintain, repair, or operate any plant or equipment which is necessary to the production by the taxpayer of eligible components or electricity.

(III)

Licensing and other agreements

(aa)

In general

In addition to subclause (II), for purposes of clause (i)(II), the term “effective control” means, with respect to a licensing agreement for the provision of intellectual property (or any other contract, agreement or other arrangement entered into with a contractual counterparty related to such licensing agreement) with respect to a qualified facility, energy storage technology, or the production of an eligible component, any of the following:

(AA)

A contractual right retained by the contractual counterparty to specify or otherwise direct 1 or more sources of components, subcomponents, or applicable critical minerals utilized in a qualified facility, energy storage technology, or in the production of an eligible component.

(BB)

A contractual right retained by the contractual counterparty to direct the operation of any qualified facility, any energy storage technology, or any production unit that produces an eligible component.

(CC)

A contractual right retained by the contractual counterparty to limit the taxpayer’s utilization of intellectual property related to the operation of a qualified facility or energy storage technology, or in the production of an eligible component.

(DD)

A contractual right retained by the contractual counterparty to receive royalties under the licensing agreement or any similar agreement (or payments under any related agreement) beyond the 10th year of the agreement (including modifications or extensions thereof).

(EE)

A contractual right retained by the contractual counterparty to direct or otherwise require the taxpayer to enter into an agreement for the provision of services for a duration longer than 2 years (including any modifications or extensions thereof).

(FF)

Such contract, agreement, or other arrangement does not provide the licensee with all the technical data, information, and know-how necessary to enable the licensee to produce the eligible component or components subject to the contract, agreement, or other arrangement without further involvement from the contractual counterparty or a specified foreign entity.

(GG)

Such contract, agreement, or other arrangement was entered into (or modified) on or after the date of enactment of this paragraph.

(bb)

Exception

(AA)

In general

(BB)

Bona fide purchase or sale

(IV)

Persons related to the taxpayer

(V)

Contractual counterparty

(iii)

Guidance

(E)

Publicly traded entities

(i)

In general

(I)

Nonapplication of certain foreign-controlled entity rules

Subparagraph (C)(v) shall not apply in the case of any entity the securities of which are regularly traded on—

(aa)

a national securities exchange which is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission,

(bb)

the national market system established pursuant to section 11A of the Securities and 1

 So in original. The word “and” probably should not appear.

Exchange Act of 1934, or

(cc)

any other exchange or other market which the Secretary has determined in guidance issued under section 1296(e)(1)(A)(ii) has rules adequate to carry out the purposes of part VI of subchapter P of chapter 1 of subtitle A.

(II)

Nonapplication of certain foreign-influenced entity rules

Subparagraph (D)(i)(I) shall not apply in the case of any entity—

(aa)

the securities of which are regularly traded in a manner described in subclause (I), or

(bb)

for which not less than 80 percent of the equity securities of such entity are owned directly or indirectly by an entity which is described in item (aa).

(III)

Exclusion of exchanges or markets in covered nations

Subclause (I)(cc) shall not apply with respect to any exchange or market which—

(aa)

is incorporated or organized under the laws of a covered nation, or

(bb)

has its principal place of business in a covered nation.

(ii)

Additional foreign-controlled entity requirements for publicly traded companies

In the case of an entity described in clause (i)(I), such entity shall be deemed to be a foreign-controlled entity under subparagraph (C)(v) if such entity is controlled (as determined under subparagraph (G)) by—

(I)

1 or more specified foreign entities (as determined without regard to subparagraph (B)(v)) that are each required to report their beneficial ownership pursuant to a rule described in clause (iii)(I)(bb), or

(II)

1 or more foreign-controlled entities (as determined without regard to subparagraph (C)(v)) that are each required to report their beneficial ownership pursuant to a rule described in such clause.

(iii)

Additional foreign-influenced entity requirements for publicly traded companies

In the case of an entity described in clause (i)(II), such entity shall be deemed to be a foreign-influenced entity under subparagraph (D)(i)(I) if—

(I)

during the taxable year—

(aa)

a specified foreign entity has the authority to appoint a covered officer of such entity,

(bb)

a single specified foreign entity required to report its beneficial ownership under Rule 13d-3 of the Securities and ¹ Exchange Act of 1934 (or, in the case of an exchange or market described in clause (i)(I)(cc), an equivalent rule) owns not less than 25 percent of such entity, or

(cc)

1 or more specified foreign entities that are each required to report their beneficial ownership under Rule 13d-3 of the Securities and ¹ Exchange Act of 1934 own, in the aggregate, not less than 40 percent of such entity, or

(II)

such entity has issued debt, as part of an original issuance, in excess of 15 percent of its publicly-traded debt to 1 or more specified foreign entities.

(F)

Covered officer

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “covered officer” means, with respect to an entity—

(i)

a member of the board of directors, board of supervisors, or equivalent governing body,

(ii)

an executive-level officer, including the president, chief executive officer, chief operating officer, chief financial officer, general counsel, or senior vice president, or

(iii)

an individual having powers or responsibilities similar to those of officers or members described in clause (i) or (ii).

(G)

Determination of control

For purposes of subparagraph (C)(v), the term “control” means—

(i)

in the case of a corporation, ownership (by vote or value) of more than 50 percent of the stock in such corporation,

(ii)

in the case of a partnership, ownership of more than 50 percent of the profits interests or capital interests in such partnership, or

(iii)

in any other case, ownership of more than 50 percent of the beneficial interests in the entity.

(H)

Determination of ownership

(I)

Other definitions

For purposes of this paragraph—

(i)

Applicable critical mineral

(ii)

Covered nation

(iii)

Eligible component

(iv)

Energy storage technology

(v)

Qualified facility

The term “qualified facility” means—

(I)

a qualified facility, as defined in section 45Y(b)(1), and

(II)

a qualified facility, as defined in section 48E(b)(3).

(vi)

(J)

Beginning of construction

(K)

Regulations and guidance

(52)

Material assistance from a prohibited foreign entity

(A)

In general

The term “material assistance from a prohibited foreign entity” means—

(i)

with respect to any qualified facility or energy storage technology, a material assistance cost ratio which is less than the threshold percentage applicable under subparagraph (B), or

(ii)

with respect to any facility which produces eligible components, a material assistance cost ratio which is less than the threshold percentage applicable under subparagraph (C).

(B)

Threshold percentage for qualified facilities and energy storage technology

For purposes of subparagraph (A)(i), the threshold percentage shall be—

(i)

in the case of a qualified facility the construction of which begins—

(I)

during calendar year 2026, 40 percent,

(II)

during calendar year 2027, 45 percent,

(III)

during calendar year 2028, 50 percent,

(IV)

during calendar year 2029, 55 percent, and

(V)

after December 31, 2029, 60 percent, and

(ii)

in the case of energy storage technology the construction of which begins—

(I)

during calendar year 2026, 55 percent,

(II)

during calendar year 2027, 60 percent,

(III)

during calendar year 2028, 65 percent,

(IV)

during calendar year 2029, 70 percent, and

(V)

after December 31, 2029, 75 percent.

(C)

Threshold percentage for eligible components

(i)

In general

For purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii), the threshold percentage shall be—

(I)

in the case of any solar energy component (as such term is defined in section 45X(c)(3)(A)) which is sold—

(aa)

during calendar year 2026, 50 percent,

(bb)

during calendar year 2027, 60 percent,

(cc)

during calendar year 2028, 70 percent,

(dd)

during calendar year 2029, 80 percent, and

(ee)

after December 31, 2029, 85 percent,

(II)

in the case of any wind energy component (as such term is defined in section 45X(c)(4)(A)) which is sold—

(aa)

during calendar year 2026, 85 percent, and

(bb)

during calendar year 2027, 90 percent,

(III)

in the case of any inverter described in subparagraphs (B) through (G) of section 45X(c)(2) which is sold—

(aa)

during calendar year 2026, 50 percent,

(bb)

during calendar year 2027, 55 percent,

(cc)

during calendar year 2028, 60 percent,

(dd)

during calendar year 2029, 65 percent, and

(ee)

after December 31, 2029, 70 percent,

(IV)

in the case of any qualifying battery component (as such term is defined in section 45X(c)(5)(A)) which is sold—

(aa)

during calendar year 2026, 60 percent,

(bb)

during calendar year 2027, 65 percent,

(cc)

during calendar year 2028, 70 percent,

(dd)

during calendar year 2029, 80 percent, and

(ee)

after December 31, 2029, 85 percent, and

(V)

subject to clause (ii), in the case of any applicable critical mineral (as such term is defined in section 45X(c)(6)) which is sold—

(aa)

after December 31, 2025, and before January 1, 2030, 0 percent,

(bb)

during calendar year 2030, 25 percent,

(cc)

during calendar year 2031, 30 percent,

(dd)

during calendar year 2032, 40 percent, and

(ee)

after December 31, 2032, 50 percent.

(ii)

Adjusted threshold percentage for applicable critical minerals

Not later than December 31, 2027, the Secretary shall issue threshold percentages for each of the applicable critical minerals described in section 45X(c)(6)), which shall—

(I)

apply in lieu of the threshold percentage determined under clause (i)(V) for each calendar year, and

(II)

equal or exceed the threshold percentage which would otherwise apply with respect to such applicable critical mineral under such clause for such calendar year, taking into account—

(aa)

domestic geographic availability,

(bb)

supply chain constraints,

(cc)

domestic processing capacity needs, and

(dd)

national security concerns.

(D)

Material assistance cost ratio

(i)

Qualified facilities and energy storage technology

For purposes of subparagraph (A)(i), the term “material assistance cost ratio” means the amount (expressed as a percentage) equal to the quotient of—

(I)

an amount equal to—

(aa)

the total direct costs to the taxpayer attributable to all manufactured products (including components) which are incorporated into the qualified facility or energy storage technology upon completion of construction, minus

(bb)

the total direct costs to the taxpayer attributable to all manufactured products (including components) which are—

(AA)

incorporated into the qualified facility or energy storage technology upon completion of construction, and

(BB)

mined, produced, or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity, divided by

(II)

the amount described in subclause (I)(aa).

(ii)

Eligible components

For purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii), the term “material assistance cost ratio” means the amount (expressed as a percentage) equal to the quotient of—

(I)

an amount equal to—

(aa)

with respect to an eligible component, the total direct material costs that are paid or incurred (within the meaning of section 461 and any regulations issued under section 263A) by the taxpayer for production of such eligible component, minus

(bb)

(II)

the amount described in subclause (I)(aa).

(iii)

Safe harbor tables

(I)

In general

Not later than December 31, 2026, the Secretary shall issue safe harbor tables (and such other guidance as deemed necessary) to—

(aa)

identify the percentage of total direct costs of any manufactured product which is attributable to a prohibited foreign entity,

(bb)

identify the percentage of total direct material costs of any eligible component which is attributable to a prohibited foreign entity, and

(cc)

provide all rules necessary to determine the amount of a taxpayer’s material assistance from a prohibited foreign entity within the meaning of this paragraph.

(II)

Safe harbors prior to issuance

For purposes of this paragraph, prior to the date on which the Secretary issues the safe harbor tables described in subclause (I), and for construction of a qualified facility or energy storage technology which begins on or before the date which is 60 days after the date of issuance of such tables, a taxpayer may—

(aa)

use the tables included in Internal Revenue Service Notice 2025–08 to establish the percentage of the total direct costs of any listed eligible component and any manufactured product, and

(bb)

rely on a certification by the supplier of the manufactured product, eligible component, or constituent element, material, or subcomponent of an eligible component—

(AA)

of the total direct costs or the total direct material costs, as applicable, of such product or component that was not produced or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity, or

(BB)

that such product or component was not produced or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity.

(III)

Exception

Notwithstanding subclauses (I) and (II)—

(aa)

if the taxpayer knows (or has reason to know) that a manufactured product or eligible component was produced or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity, the taxpayer shall treat all direct costs with respect to such manufactured product, or all direct material costs with respect to such eligible component, as attributable to a prohibited foreign entity, and

(bb)

if the taxpayer knows (or has reason to know) that the certification referred to in subclause (II)(bb) pertaining to a manufactured product or eligible component is inaccurate, the taxpayer may not rely on such certification.

(IV)

Certification requirement

In a manner consistent with Treasury Regulation section 1.45X–4(c)(4)(i) (as in effect on the date of enactment of this paragraph), the certification referred to in subclause (II)(bb) shall—

(aa)

include—

(AA)

the supplier’s employer identification number, or

(BB)

any such similar identification number issued by a foreign government,

(bb)

be signed under penalties of perjury,

(cc)

be retained by the supplier and the taxpayer for a period of not less than 6 years and shall be provided to the Secretary upon request, and

(dd)

be from the supplier from which the taxpayer purchased any manufactured product, eligible component, or constituent elements, materials, or subcomponents of an eligible component, stating—

(AA)

that such property was not produced or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity and that the supplier does not know (or have reason to know) that any prior supplier in the chain of production of that property is a prohibited foreign entity,

(BB)

for purposes of section 45X, the total direct material costs for each component, constituent element, material, or subcomponent that were not produced or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity, or

(CC)

for purposes of section 45Y or section 48E, the total direct costs attributable to all manufactured products that were not produced or manufactured by a prohibited foreign entity.

(iv)

Existing contract

Upon the election of the taxpayer (in such form and manner as the Secretary shall designate), in the case of any manufactured product, eligible component, or constituent element, material, or subcomponent of an eligible component which is—

(I)

acquired by the taxpayer, or manufactured or assembled by or for the taxpayer, pursuant to a binding written contract which was entered into prior to June 16, 2025, and

(II)

(aa)

placed into service before January 1, 2030 (or, in the case of an applicable facility, as defined in section 45Y(d)(4)(B), before January 1, 2028) in a facility the construction of which began before August 1, 2025, or

(bb)

in the case of a constituent element, material, or subcomponent, used in a product sold before January 1, 2030,

the cost to the taxpayer with respect to such product, component, element, material, or subcomponent shall not be included for purposes of determining the material assistance cost ratio under this subparagraph.

(v)

Anti-circumvention rules

The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations and guidance as may be necessary or appropriate to prevent circumvention of the rules under this subparagraph, including prevention of—

(I)

any abuse of the exception provided under clause (iv) through the stockpiling of any manufactured product, eligible component, or constituent element, material, or subcomponent of an eligible component during any period prior to the application of the requirements under this paragraph, or

(II)

any evasion with respect to the requirements of this subparagraph where the facts and circumstances demonstrate that the beginning of construction of a qualified facility or energy storage technology has not in fact occurred.

(E)

Other definitions

For purposes of this paragraph—

(i)

Eligible component

The term “eligible component” means—

(I)

any property described in section 45X(c)(1), or

(II)

any component which is identified by the Secretary pursuant to regulations or guidance issued under subparagraph (G).

(ii)

Energy storage technology

(iii)

Manufactured product

The term “manufactured product” means—

(I)

a manufactured product which is a component of a qualified facility, as described in section 45Y(g)(11)(B) and any guidance issued thereunder, or

(II)

any product which is identified by the Secretary pursuant to regulations or guidance issued under subparagraph (G).

(iv)

Qualified facility

The term “qualified facility” means—

(I)

a qualified facility, as defined in section 45Y(b)(1),

(II)

a qualified facility, as defined in section 48E(b)(3), and

(III)

any qualified interconnection property (as defined in section 48E(b)(4)) which is part of the qualified investment with respect to a qualified facility (as described in section 48E(b)(1)).

(F)

Determination of ownership; beginning of construction

(G)

Regulations and guidance

The Secretary may prescribe such regulations and guidance as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this paragraph, including—

(i)

identification of components or products for purposes of clauses (i) and (iii) of subparagraph (E), and

(ii)

for purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii), rules to address facilities which produce more than one eligible component.

(b)

Definition of resident alien and nonresident alien

(1)

In general

For purposes of this title (other than subtitle B)—

(A)

Resident alien

An alien individual shall be treated as a resident of the United States with respect to any calendar year if (and only if) such individual meets the requirements of clause (i), (ii), or (iii):

(i)

Lawfully admitted for permanent residence

(ii)

Substantial presence test

(iii)

First year election

(B)

Nonresident alien

(2)

Special rules for first and last year of residency

(A)

First year of residency

(i)

In general

(ii)

Residency starting date for individuals lawfully admitted for permanent residence

(iii)

Residency starting date for individuals meeting substantial presence test

(iv)

Residency starting date for individuals making first year election

(B)

Last year of residency

An alien individual shall not be treated as a resident of the United States during a portion of any calendar year if—

(i)

such portion is after the last day in such calendar year on which the individual was present in the United States (or, in the case of an individual described in paragraph (1)(A)(i), the last day on which he was so described),

(ii)

during such portion the individual has a closer connection to a foreign country than to the United States, and

(iii)

the individual is not a resident of the United States at any time during the next calendar year.

(C)

Certain nominal presence disregarded

(i)

In general

(ii)

Not more than 10 days disregarded

(3)

Substantial presence test

(A)

In general

Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, an individual meets the substantial presence test of this paragraph with respect to any calendar year (hereinafter in this subsection referred to as the “current year”) if—

(i)

such individual was present in the United States on at least 31 days during the calendar year, and

(ii)

the sum of the number of days on which such individual was present in the United States during the current year and the 2 preceding calendar years (when multiplied by the applicable multiplier determined under the following table) equals or exceeds 183 days:

In the case of days in:	The applicable multiplier is:
Current year	1
1st preceding year	⅓
2nd preceding year	⅙

(B)

Exception where individual is present in the United States during less than one-half of current year and closer connection to foreign country is established

An individual shall not be treated as meeting the substantial presence test of this paragraph with respect to any current year if—

(i)

such individual is present in the United States on fewer than 183 days during the current year, and

(ii)

it is established that for the current year such individual has a tax home (as defined in section 911(d)(3) without regard to the second sentence thereof) in a foreign country and has a closer connection to such foreign country than to the United States.

(C)

Subparagraph (B) not to apply in certain cases

Subparagraph (B) shall not apply to any individual with respect to any current year if at any time during such year—

(i)

such individual had an application for adjustment of status pending, or

(ii)

such individual took other steps to apply for status as a lawful permanent resident of the United States.

(D)

Exception for exempt individuals or for certain medical conditions

An individual shall not be treated as being present in the United States on any day if—

(i)

such individual is an exempt individual for such day, or

(ii)

such individual was unable to leave the United States on such day because of a medical condition which arose while such individual was present in the United States.

(4)

First-year election

(A)

An alien individual shall be deemed to meet the requirements of this subparagraph if such individual—

(i)

is not a resident of the United States under clause (i) or (ii) of paragraph (1)(A) with respect to a calendar year (hereinafter referred to as the “election year”),

(ii)

was not a resident of the United States under paragraph (1)(A) with respect to the calendar year immediately preceding the election year,

(iii)

is a resident of the United States under clause (ii) of paragraph (1)(A) with respect to the calendar year immediately following the election year, and

(iv)

is both—

(I)

present in the United States for a period of at least 31 consecutive days in the election year, and

(II)

present in the United States during the period beginning with the first day of such 31-day period and ending with the last day of the election year (hereinafter referred to as the “testing period”) for a number of days equal to or exceeding 75 percent of the number of days in the testing period (provided that an individual shall be treated for purposes of this subclause as present in the United States for a number of days during the testing period not exceeding 5 days in the aggregate, notwithstanding his absence from the United States on

such days).

(B)

An alien individual who meets the requirements of subparagraph (A) shall, if he so elects, be treated as a resident of the United States with respect to the election year.

(C)

An alien individual who makes the election provided by subparagraph (B) shall be treated as a resident of the United States for the portion of the election year which begins on the 1st day of the earliest testing period during such year with respect to which the individual meets the requirements of clause (iv) of subparagraph (A).

(D)

The rules of subparagraph (D)(i) of paragraph (3) shall apply for purposes of determining an individual’s presence in the United States under this paragraph.

(E)

An election under subparagraph (B) shall be made on the individual’s tax return for the election year, provided that such election may not be made before the individual has met the substantial presence test of paragraph (3) with respect to the calendar year immediately following the election year.

(F)

An election once made under subparagraph (B) remains in effect for the election year, unless revoked with the consent of the Secretary.

(5)

Exempt individual defined

For purposes of this subsection—

(A)

In general

An individual is an exempt individual for any day if, for such day, such individual is—

(i)

a foreign government-related individual,

(ii)

a teacher or trainee,

(iii)

a student, or

(iv)

a professional athlete who is temporarily in the United States to compete in a sports event—

(I)

which is organized for the primary purpose of benefiting an organization which is described in section 501(c)(3) and exempt from tax under section 501(a),

(II)

all of the net proceeds of which are contributed to such organization, and,2

 So in original. The comma probably should not appear.

(III)

which utilizes volunteers for substantially all of the work performed in carrying out such event.

(B)

Foreign government-related individual

The term “foreign government-related individual” means any individual temporarily present in the United States by reason of—

(i)

diplomatic status, or a visa which the Secretary (after consultation with the Secretary of State) determines represents full-time diplomatic or consular status for purposes of this subsection,

(ii)

being a full-time employee of an international organization, or

(iii)

being a member of the immediate family of an individual described in clause (i) or (ii).

(C)

Teacher or trainee

The term “teacher or trainee” means any individual—

(i)

who is temporarily present in the United States under subparagraph (J) or (Q) of section 101(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (other than as a student), and

(ii)

who substantially complies with the requirements for being so present.

(D)

Student

The term “student” means any individual—

(i)

who is temporarily present in the United States—

(I)

under subparagraph (F) or (M) of section 101(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, or

(II)

as a student under subparagraph (J) or (Q) of such section 101(15), and

(ii)

who substantially complies with the requirements for being so present.

(E)

Special rules for teachers, trainees, and students

(i)

Limitation on teachers and trainees

(ii)

Limitation on students

(6)

Lawful permanent resident

For purposes of this subsection, an individual is a lawful permanent resident of the United States at any time if—

(A)

such individual has the status of having been lawfully accorded the privilege of residing permanently in the United States as an immigrant in accordance with the immigration laws, and

(B)

such status has not been revoked (and has not been administratively or judicially determined to have been abandoned).

An individual shall cease to be treated as a lawful permanent resident of the United States if such individual commences to be treated as a resident of a foreign country under the provisions of a tax treaty between the United States and the foreign country, does not waive the benefits of such treaty applicable to residents of the foreign country, and notifies the Secretary of the commencement of such treatment.

(7)

Presence in the United States

For purposes of this subsection—

(A)

In general

(B)

Commuters from Canada or Mexico

(C)

Transit between 2 foreign points

(D)

Crew members temporarily present

(8)

Annual statements

(9)

Taxable year

(A)

In general

(B)

Fiscal year taxpayer

If—

(i)

an individual is treated under paragraph (1) as a resident of the United States for any calendar year, and

(ii)

after the application of subparagraph (A), such individual has a taxable year other than a calendar year,

he shall be treated as a resident of the United States with respect to any portion of a taxable year which is within such calendar year.

(10)

Coordination with section 877

If—

(A)

an alien individual was treated as a resident of the United States during any period which includes at least 3 consecutive calendar years (hereinafter referred to as the “initial residency period”), and

(B)

such individual ceases to be treated as a resident of the United States but subsequently becomes a resident of the United States before the close of the 3rd calendar year beginning after the close of the initial residency period,

such individual shall be taxable for the period after the close of the initial residency period and before the day on which he subsequently became a resident of the United States in the manner provided in section 877(b). The preceding sentence shall apply only if the tax imposed pursuant to section 877(b) exceeds the tax which, without regard to this paragraph, is imposed pursuant to section 871.

(11)

Regulations

(c)

Includes and including

(d)

Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

(e)

Treatment of certain contracts for providing services, etc.

For purposes of chapter 1—

(1)

In general

A contract which purports to be a service contract shall be treated as a lease of property if such contract is properly treated as a lease of property, taking into account all relevant factors including whether or not—

(A)

the service recipient is in physical possession of the property,

(B)

the service recipient controls the property,

(C)

the service recipient has a significant economic or possessory interest in the property,

(D)

the service provider does not bear any risk of substantially diminished receipts or substantially increased expenditures if there is nonperformance under the contract,

(E)

the service provider does not use the property concurrently to provide significant services to entities unrelated to the service recipient, and

(F)

the total contract price does not substantially exceed the rental value of the property for the contract period.

(2)

Other arrangements

(3)

Special rules for contracts or arrangements involving solid waste disposal, energy, and clean water facilities

(A)

In general

Notwithstanding paragraphs (1) and (2), and except as provided in paragraph (4), any contract or arrangement between a service provider and a service recipient—

(i)

with respect to—

(I)

the operation of a qualified solid waste disposal facility,

(II)

the sale to the service recipient of electrical or thermal energy produced at a cogeneration or alternative energy facility,

(III)

the operation of a water treatment works facility, or

(IV)

the operation of a storage facility, and

(ii)

which purports to be a service contract,

shall be treated as a service contract.

(B)

Qualified solid waste disposal facility

(C)

Cogeneration facility

(D)

Alternative energy facility

(E)

Water treatment works facility

(F)

Storage facility

(4)

Paragraph (3) not to apply in certain cases

(A)

In general

Paragraph (3) shall not apply to any qualified solid waste disposal facility, cogeneration facility, alternative energy facility, water treatment works facility, or storage facility used under a contract or arrangement if—

(i)

the service recipient (or a related entity) operates such facility,

(ii)

the service recipient (or a related entity) bears any significant financial burden if there is nonperformance under the contract or arrangement (other than for reasons beyond the control of the service provider),

(iii)

the service recipient (or a related entity) receives any significant financial benefit if the operating costs of such facility are less than the standards of performance or operation under the contract or arrangement, or

(iv)

the service recipient (or a related entity) has an option to purchase, or may be required to purchase, all or a part of such facility at a fixed and determinable price (other than for fair market value).

For purposes of this paragraph, the term “related entity” has the same meaning as when used in section 168(h).

(B)

Special rules for application of subparagraph (A) with respect to certain rights and allocations under the contract

For purposes of subparagraph (A), there shall not be taken into account—

(i)

any right of a service recipient to inspect any facility, to exercise any sovereign power the service recipient may possess, or to act in the event of a breach of contract by the service provider, or

(ii)

any allocation of any financial burden or benefits in the event of any change in any law.

(C)

Special rules for application of subparagraph (A) in the case of certain events

(i)

Temporary shut-downs, etc.

(ii)

Reduced costs

(5)

Exception for certain low-income housing

This subsection shall not apply to any property described in clause (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) of section 1250(a)(1)(B) (relating to low-income housing) if—

(A)

such property is operated by or for an organization described in paragraph (3) or (4) of section 501(c), and

(B)

at least 80 percent of the units in such property are leased to low-income tenants (within the meaning of section 167(k)(3)(B)) (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990).

(6)

Regulations

(f)

Use of related persons or pass-thru entities

The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to prevent the avoidance of those provisions of this title which deal with—

(1)

the linking of borrowing to investment, or

(2)

diminishing risks,

through the use of related persons, pass-thru entities, or other intermediaries.

(g)

Clarification of fair market value in the case of nonrecourse indebtedness

(h)

Motor vehicle operating leases

(1)

In general

For purposes of this title, in the case of a qualified motor vehicle operating agreement which contains a terminal rental adjustment clause—

(A)

such agreement shall be treated as a lease if (but for such terminal rental adjustment clause) such agreement would be treated as a lease under this title, and

(B)

the lessee shall not be treated as the owner of the property subject to an agreement during any period such agreement is in effect.

(2)

Qualified motor vehicle operating agreement defined

For purposes of this subsection—

(A)

In general

(B)

Minimum liability of lessor

An agreement meets the requirements of this subparagraph if under such agreement the sum of—

(i)

the amount the lessor is personally liable to repay, and

(ii)

the net fair market value of the lessor’s interest in any property pledged as security for property subject to the agreement,

equals or exceeds all amounts borrowed to finance the acquisition of property subject to the agreement. There shall not be taken into account under clause (ii) any property pledged which is property subject to the agreement or property directly or indirectly financed by indebtedness secured by property subject to the agreement.

(C)

Certification by lessee; notice of tax ownership

An agreement meets the requirements of this subparagraph if such agreement contains a separate written statement separately signed by the lessee—

(i)

under which the lessee certifies, under penalty of perjury, that it intends that more than 50 percent of the use of the property subject to such agreement is to be in a trade or business of the lessee, and

(ii)

which clearly and legibly states that the lessee has been advised that it will not be treated as the owner of the property subject to the agreement for Federal income tax purposes.

(D)

Lessor must have no knowledge that certification is false

(3)

Terminal rental adjustment clause defined

(A)

In general

(B)

Special rule for lessee dealers

(i)

Taxable mortgage pools

(1)

Treated as separate corporations

(2)

Taxable mortgage pool defined

For purposes of this title—

(A)

In general

Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, a taxable mortgage pool is any entity (other than a REMIC) if—

(i)

substantially all of the assets of such entity consists of debt obligations (or interests therein) and more than 50 percent of such debt obligations (or interests) consists of real estate mortgages (or interests therein),

(ii)

such entity is the obligor under debt obligations with 2 or more maturities, and

(iii)

under the terms of the debt obligations referred to in clause (ii) (or underlying arrangement), payments on such debt obligations bear a relationship to payments on the debt obligations (or interests) referred to in clause (i).

(B)

Portion of entities treated as pools

(C)

Exception for domestic building and loan

(D)

Treatment of certain equity interests

(3)

Treatment of certain REIT’s

If—

(A)

a real estate investment trust is a taxable mortgage pool, or

(B)

a qualified REIT subsidiary (as defined in section 856(i)(2)) of a real estate investment trust is a taxable mortgage pool,

under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, adjustments similar to the adjustments provided in section 860E(d) shall apply to the shareholders of such real estate investment trust.

(j)

Tax treatment of Federal Thrift Savings Fund

(1)

In general

For purposes of this title—

(A)

the Thrift Savings Fund shall be treated as a trust described in section 401(a) which is exempt from taxation under section 501(a);

(B)

any contribution to, or distribution from, the Thrift Savings Fund shall be treated in the same manner as contributions to or distributions from such a trust; and

(C)

subject to section 401(k)(4)(B) and any dollar limitation on the application of section 402(e)(3), contributions to the Thrift Savings Fund shall not be treated as distributed or made available to an employee or Member nor as a contribution made to the Fund by an employee or Member merely because the employee or Member has, under the provisions of subchapter III of chapter 84 of title 5, United States Code, and section 8351 of such title 5, an election whether the contribution will be made to the Thrift Savings Fund or received by the employee or Member in cash.

(2)

Nondiscrimination requirements

(3)

Coordination with Social Security Act

(4)

Definitions

(5)

Coordination with other provisions of law

(k)

Treatment of certain amounts paid to charity

In the case of any payment which, except for section 13143(b) of title 5, United States Code, might be made to any officer or employee of the Federal Government but which is made instead on behalf of such officer or employee to an organization described in section 170(c)—

(1)

such payment shall not be treated as received by such officer or employee for all purposes of this title and for all purposes of any tax law of a State or political subdivision thereof, and

(2)

no deduction shall be allowed under any provision of this title (or of any tax law of a State or political subdivision thereof) to such officer or employee by reason of having such payment made to such organization.

For purposes of this subsection, a Senator, a Representative in, or a Delegate or Resident Commissioner to, the Congress shall be treated as an officer or employee of the Federal Government.

(l)

Regulations relating to conduit arrangements

(m)

Designation of contract markets

(n)

Convention or association of churches

(o)

Clarification of economic substance doctrine

(1)

Application of doctrine

In the case of any transaction to which the economic substance doctrine is relevant, such transaction shall be treated as having economic substance only if—

(A)

the transaction changes in a meaningful way (apart from Federal income tax effects) the taxpayer’s economic position, and

(B)

the taxpayer has a substantial purpose (apart from Federal income tax effects) for entering into such transaction.

(2)

Special rule where taxpayer relies on profit potential

(A)

In general

(B)

Treatment of fees and foreign taxes

(3)

State and local tax benefits

(4)

Financial accounting benefits

(5)

Definitions and special rules

For purposes of this subsection—

(A)

Economic substance doctrine

(B)

Exception for personal transactions of individuals

(C)

Determination of application of doctrine not affected

(D)

Transaction

(p)

Cross references

(1)

Other definitions

(1)

Singular as including plural, section 1.

(2)

Plural as including singular, section 1.

(3)

Masculine as including feminine, section 1.

(4)

Officer, section 1.

(5)

Oath as including affirmation, section 1.

(6)

County as including parish, section 2.

(7)

Vessel as including all means of water transportation, section 3.

(8)

Vehicle as including all means of land transportation, section 4.

(9)

Company or association as including successors and assigns, section 5.

(2)

Effect of cross references

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 911; Pub. L. 86–70, § 22(g), (h), June 25, 1959, 73 Stat. 146; Pub. L. 86–624, § 18(i), (j), July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 416; Pub. L. 86–778, title I, § 103(t), Sept. 13, 1960, 74 Stat. 941; Pub. L. 87–834, §§ 6(c), 7(h), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 982, 988; Pub. L. 87–870, § 5(a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1161; Pub. L. 88–272, title II, §§ 204(a)(3), 234(b)(3), Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 36, 114; Pub. L. 89–368, title I, § 102(b)(5), Mar. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 64; Pub. L. 89–809, title I, § 103(l)(1), Nov. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 1554; Pub. L. 90–364, title I, § 103(e)(6), June 28, 1968, 82 Stat. 264; Pub. L. 91–172, title IV, § 432(c), (d), title IX, § 960(j), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 622, 623, 735; Pub. L. 92–606, § 1(f)(4), Oct. 31, 1972, 86 Stat. 1497; Pub. L. 93–406, title III, § 3043, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 1003; Pub. L. 94–455, title XII, § 1203(a), title XIX, § 1906(a)(57), (b)(13)(A), (c)(3), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1688, 1832, 1834, 1835; Pub. L. 95–600, title I, § 157(k)(2), title VII, § 701(cc)(2), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2809, 2923; Pub. L. 97–34, title VII, § 725(c)(4), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 346; Pub. L. 97–248, title II, § 201(d)(10), formerly § 201(c)(10), title III, §§ 307(a)(17), 308(a), 336(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 421, 590, 591, 628, renumbered § 201(d)(10) and amended Pub. L. 97–448, title III, § 306(a)(1)(A)(i), (b)(3), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2400, 2406; Pub. L. 97–449, § 5(e), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2442; Pub. L. 97–473, title II, § 203, Jan. 14, 1983, 96 Stat. 2611; Pub. L. 98–67, title I, §§ 102(a), 104(d)(1), Aug. 5, 1983, 97 Stat. 369, 379; Pub. L. 98–216, § 3(c)(2), Feb. 14, 1984, 98 Stat. 6; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §§ 31(e), 43(a)(1), 53(c), 75(c), 138(a), title IV, §§ 412(b)(11), 422(d)(3), 474(r)(29)(K), 491(d)(53), title V, § 526(c)(1), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 518, 558, 567, 595, 672, 792, 798, 845, 852, 874; Pub. L. 98–443, § 9(q), Oct. 4, 1984, 98 Stat. 1708; Pub. L. 99–514, title II, § 201(c), (d)(14), title VI, §§ 671(b)(3), 673, title XI, §§ 1137, 1147(a), 1166(a), title XVIII, §§ 1802(a)(9)(C), 1810(l)(1)–(5)(A), 1842(d), 1899A(63), (64), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2138, 2142, 2317, 2319, 2486, 2493, 2511, 2790, 2830–2832, 2853, 2962; Pub. L. 100–202, § 101(m) [title VI, § 624(a)], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–390, 1329–429; Pub. L. 100–647, § 1(c), title I, §§ 1001(d)(2)(D), 1002(a)(2), 1006(t)(12), (25)(A), 1011A(m)(1), 1011B(e), 1018(g)(3), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3342, 3351, 3352, 3422, 3426, 3483, 3489, 3583; Pub. L. 101–194, title VI, § 602, Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1762; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §§ 11704(a)(34), 11812(b)(13), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–519, 1388–536; Pub. L. 102–90, title III, § 314(e), Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 470; Pub. L. 102–318, title V, § 521(b)(43), July 3, 1992, 106 Stat. 313; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, § 13238, Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 508; Pub. L. 103–296, title III, § 320(a)(3), Aug. 15, 1994, 108 Stat. 1535; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, § 304(e), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 944; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §§ 1402(b)(3), 1621(b)(8), (9), 1907(a)(1), (2), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1790, 1867, 1916; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §§ 1151(a), 1174(b), title XVI, § 1601(i)(3)(A), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 986, 989, 1093; Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(7) [title IV, § 401(i)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–650; Pub. L. 107–16, title V, § 542(e)(3), June 7, 2001, 115 Stat. 85; Pub. L. 108–311, title II, § 207(24), Oct. 4, 2004, 118 Stat. 1178; Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §§ 804(b), 835(b)(10), (11), 852(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1570, 1594, 1609; Pub. L. 109–135, title IV, § 403(v)(2), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2628; Pub. L. 109–280, title XII, §§ 1207(f), 1222, Aug. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 1071, 1089; Pub. L. 110–28, title VIII, § 8246(a)(1), May 25, 2007, 121 Stat. 200; Pub. L. 110–245, title III, § 301(c)(1), (2)(B), (C), June 17, 2008, 122 Stat. 1646; Pub. L. 111–152, title I, § 1409(a), Mar. 30, 2010, 124 Stat. 1067; Pub. L. 111–312, title III, § 301(a), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat. 3300; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, § 221(a)(119), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4055; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§ 11051(b)(4), 13304(a)(2)(F), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2090, 2125; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, § 401(a)(331), (332), (b)(54), (55), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1200, 1205; Pub. L. 117–169, title I, § 13102(n), Aug. 16, 2022, 136 Stat. 1920; Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(c)(33), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4358; Pub. L. 119–21, title VII, § 70512(c), July 4, 2025, 139 Stat. 253.)

cite as: 26 USC 7701

Get the CustomsMobile app!