This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (b)(1) and (h), was in the original “this Act”, meaning act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, as added by act Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 919, known as the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2011 of this title and Tables.
Public Law 85–804, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(B)(i)(I), is Pub. L. 85–804,
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, referred to in subsec. (n)(3)(C)(v), (vi), are set out in the Appendix to Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
In subsec. (g), “section 6101 of title 41” substituted for “section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5), as amended” on authority of Pub. L. 111–350, § 6(c),
2024—Pub. L. 118–47, § 107(a), substituted “
Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 118–47, § 107(b)(1), substituted ‘$2,000,000,000” for “$500,000,000”.
Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 118–47, § 107(b)(2), substituted “$2,000,000,000” for “$500,000,000”.
Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 118–47, § 107(c), substituted “
2022—Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(a)(260)(A), substituted “chapter 10 of title 5” for “the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.)”.
Subsec. (l)(4)(A). Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(a)(260)(B)(i), substituted “title 5.” for “the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) and title 5.”
Subsec. (l)(4)(E), (F). Pub. L. 117–286, § 4(a)(260)(B)(ii), substituted “chapter 10 of title 5” for “the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.)”.
2005—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 109–58, § 603(1), substituted “$95,800,000” for “$63,000,000” and “$15,000,000 in any 1 year (subject to adjustment for inflation under subsection (t))” for “$10,000,000 in any 1 year” in second proviso of third sentence.
Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 109–58, § 608, added par. (5).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–58, § 602(a), substituted “licensees” for “licenses” in heading and substituted “
Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 109–58, § 602(b), substituted “
Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 109–58, § 604(a), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: “In agreements of indemnification entered into under paragraph (1), the Secretary may require the contractor to provide and maintain financial protection of such a type and in such amounts as the Secretary shall determine to be appropriate to cover public liability arising out of or in connection with the contractual activity, and shall indemnify the persons indemnified against such claims above the amount of the financial protection required, to the full extent of the aggregate public liability of the persons indemnified for each nuclear incident, including such legal costs of the contractor as are approved by the Secretary.”
Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 109–58, § 604(b), added par. (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows:
“(3)(A) Notwithstanding paragraph (2), if the maximum amount of financial protection required of licensees under subsection (b) of this section is increased by the Commission, the amount of indemnity, together with any financial protection required of the contractor, shall at all times remain equal to or greater than the maximum amount of financial protection required of licensees under subsection (b) of this section.
“(B) The amount of indemnity provided contractors under this subsection shall not, at any time, be reduced in the event that the maximum amount of financial protection required of licensees is reduced.
“(C) All agreements of indemnification under which the Department of Energy (or its predecessor agencies) may be required to indemnify any person, shall be deemed to be amended, on
Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 109–58, § 605(a), substituted “$500,000,000” for “$100,000,000”.
Subsec. (e)(1)(B). Pub. L. 109–58, § 604(c), struck out “the maximum amount of financial protection required under subsection (b) or” before “the amount of indemnity” and substituted “paragraph (2) of subsection (d)” for “paragraph (3) of subsection (d), whichever amount is more”.
Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 109–58, § 605(b), substituted “$500,000,000” for “$100,000,000”.
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 109–58, § 602(c), substituted “
Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 109–58, § 606, substituted “
Subsec. (t)(1). Pub. L. 109–58, § 603(2), inserted “total and annual” before “standard deferred premium” in introductory provisions and substituted “
Subsec. (t)(2), (3). Pub. L. 109–58, § 607, added par. (2) and redesignated former par. (2) as (3).
2004—Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 108–375 substituted “until
2003—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–7 substituted “
2002—Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 107–314 substituted “until
1998—Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 105–362 struck out par. (1) designation and struck out par. (2) which read as follows: “Not later than April 1 of each year, the Commission and the Secretary shall each submit an annual report to the Congress setting forth the activities under this section during the preceding calendar year.”
1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(e)(1), inserted “Requirement of financial protection for licensees” as heading.
Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(d)(4), substituted “section 2i.” for “subsection 2i. of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended”, “subsection b.” for “subsection 170b.”, and “subsection c.” for “subsection 170c.”, which for purposes of codification were translated as “section 2012(i) of this title”, “subsection (b)”, and “subsection (c)”, respectively, thus requiring no change in text.
Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(a)(2), substituted “the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (in this section referred to as the ‘Commission’) in the exercise” for “the Commission in the exercise”.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(e)(2), inserted “Amount and type of financial protection for licensees” as heading.
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 100–408, § 2(a)–(c)(3), inserted par. (1) designation, inserted “primary” after “The amount of”, “the amount of”, “Such”, and “of such”, redesignated cls. (1) to (3) as (A) to (C), inserted “(excluding the amount of private liability insurance available under the industry retrospective rating plan required in this subsection)”, substituted “The Commission shall require licensees that are required to have and maintain primary financial protection equal to the maximum amount of liability insurance available from private sources to maintain, in addition to such primary financial protection,” for “In prescribing such terms and conditions for licensees required to have and maintain financial protection equal to the maximum amount of liability insurance available from private sources, the Commission shall, by rule initially prescribed not later than twelve months from
Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 100–408, § 2(c)(4), added par. (2).
Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 100–408, § 2(d)(1), inserted par. (3) designation.
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 100–408, § 2(d)(2), added par. (4).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(e)(3), inserted “Indemnification of licenses by Nuclear Regulatory Commission” as heading.
Pub. L. 100–408, § 3, substituted “
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–408, § 4(a), inserted “Indemnification of contractors by Department of Energy” as heading and completely revised and expanded subsec. (d), changing its structure from a single unnumbered subsection to one consisting of seven numbered paragraphs.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–408, § 6, inserted “Limitation on aggregate public liability” as heading and completely revised and expanded subsec. (e), changing its structure from a single unnumbered subsection to one consisting of four numbered paragraphs.
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(e)(4), inserted “Collection of fees by Nuclear Regulatory Commission” as heading.
Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(b)(3), inserted “or the Secretary, as appropriate,” in two places.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(e)(5), inserted “Use of services of private insurers” as heading.
Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(c)(1), substituted “section 3709 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 5)” for “section 3709 of the Revised Statutes”, which for purposes of codification was translated as “section 5 of title 41”, thus requiring no change in text.
Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(b)(4), inserted “or the Secretary, as appropriate,” after “Commission”, wherever appearing.
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(e)(6), inserted “Conditions of agreements of indemnification” as heading.
Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(b)(4), inserted “or the Secretary, as appropriate,” after “Commission”, wherever appearing.
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 100–408, § 7(a), inserted “Compensation plans” as heading and completely revised and expanded subsec. (i), changing its structure from a single unnumbered subsection to one consisting of six numbered paragraphs.
Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(e)(7), inserted “Contracts in advance of appropriations” as heading.
Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(c)(2), substituted “sections 1341, 1342, 1349, 1350, and 1351, and subchapter II of chapter 15, of title 31” for “section 3679 of the Revised Statutes, as amended”.
Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(b)(4), inserted “or the Secretary, as appropriate,”.
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(e)(8), inserted “Exemption from financial protection requirement for nonprofit educational institutions” as heading.
Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(d)(5), in introductory provisions substituted “subsection a” for “subsection 170a”, which for purposes of codification was translated as “subsection (a)”, thus requiring no change in text.
Pub. L. 100–408, § 8(1), substituted “
Subsec. (k)(1). Pub. L. 100–408, § 8(2), substituted “including such legal costs of the licensee as are approved by the Commission” for “excluding cost of investigating and settling claims and defending suits for damage”.
Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 100–408, § 9, inserted “Presidential commission on catastrophic nuclear accidents” as heading and completely revised and expanded subsec. (l), changing its structure from a single unnumbered subsection to one consisting of six numbered paragraphs.
Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(e)(9), inserted “Coordinated procedures for prompt settlement of claims and emergency assistance” as heading.
Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(b)(4), inserted “or the Secretary, as appropriate,” after “Commission” wherever appearing.
Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(e)(10), inserted “Waiver of defenses and judicial procedures” as heading.
Subsec. (n)(1). Pub. L. 100–408, §§ 10, 16(b)(5)(A), (d)(6), redesignated existing subpars. (a), (b), and (c) as (A), (B), and (C), respectively, added subpars. (D), (E), and (F), substituted “a Department of Energy contractor” for “a Commission contractor” in subpar. (C), and, in closing provisions inserted “, or the Secretary, as appropriate,” after “the Commission”, struck out “, but in no event more than twenty years after the date of the nuclear incident” after “and the cause thereof”, and substituted “subsection e” for “subsection 170e”, which for purposes of codification was translated as “subsection (e)”, requiring no change in text.
Subsec. (n)(2). Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(b)(5)(B), inserted “or the Secretary, as appropriate” after “Commission”.
Pub. L. 100–408, § 11(a), substituted “a nuclear incident” for “an extraordinary nuclear occurrence” in two places and “the nuclear incident” for “the extraordinary nuclear occurrence”, and inserted “(including any such action pending on
Subsec. (n)(3). Pub. L. 100–408, § 11(c), added par. (3).
Subsec. (o). Pub. L. 100–408, § 11(d)(1), inserted “Plan for distribution of funds” as heading, designated existing provisions as par. (1), redesignated former pars. (1) to (3) as subpars. (A) to (C), respectively, and added subpars. (D) and (E) and par. (2).
Subsec. (o)(1). Pub. L. 100–408, § 7(b)(1), substituted “the applicable limit of liability under subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of subsection (e)(1)” for “subsection (e)” in introductory provisions.
Subsec. (o)(1)(B). Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(d)(7), substituted “subparagraph (C)” for “subparagraph (3) of this subsection (o)”.
Subsec. (o)(1)(C). Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(b)(6), inserted “or the Secretary, as appropriate,” after first reference to “Commission” and “or the Secretary as appropriate” after second reference to “Commission”.
Subsec. (o)(4). Pub. L. 100–408, § 7(b)(2), struck out par. (4) which read as follows: “The Commission shall, within ninety days after a court shall have made such determination, deliver to the Joint Committee a supplement to the report prepared in accordance with subsection (i) of this section setting forth the estimated requirements for full compensation and relief of all claimants, and recommendations as to the relief to be provided.”
Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 100–408, § 16(e)(11), inserted “Reports to Congress” as heading.
Pub. L. 100–408, § 12, designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted “and the Secretary shall submit to the Congress by
Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 100–408, § 5(c), added subsec. (q).
Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 100–408, § 13, added subsec. (r).
Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 100–408, § 14, added subsec. (s).
Subsec. (t). Pub. L. 100–408, § 15, added subsec. (t).
1975—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–197, § 2, inserted provision relating to the public purposes cited in section 2012(i) of this title and “in the exercise of its licensing and regulatory authority and responsibility” after “as the Commission”, and substituted “required, it may” for “required, it shall”.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–197, § 3, inserted requirement that for facilities having a rated capacity of 100,000 electrical kilowatts or more, the amount of financial protection required shall be at a reasonable cost and on reasonable terms, and requirement that financial protection be subject to such terms and conditions as the Commission, by rule, regulation or order prescribes, and established premium and funding standards and procedures for prescribing terms and conditions for licensees required to have and maintain financial protection equal to the maximum amount of liability insurance available from private sources. Notwithstanding the directory language that amendment be made to section 107 b. of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, the amendment was executed to section 170 b. of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, (subsec. (b) of this section) as the probable intent of Congress.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–197, § 4, substituted “and
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–197, § 5, substituted “until
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94–197, § 6, designated existing provisions as cl. (1), added cl. (2), substituted proviso relating to Congressional review and action for proviso relating to aggregate liability exceeding the sum of $560,000,000, and substituted “And provided further” for “Provided further”.
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 94–197, § 7, inserted proviso which authorized Commission to reduce the indemnity fee for persons with whom indemnification agreements have been executed in reasonable relation to increases in financial protection above a level of $60,000,000.
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 94–197, § 8, substituted “shall not include” for “may include reasonable”.
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 94–197, § 9, inserted “or which will probably result in public liability claims in excess of $560,000,000,” after “this section”, and requirement that Commission report extent of damage caused from a nuclear incident to the Congressmen of the affected districts and the Senators of the affected state and substituted provision relating to information concerning the national defense, for provisions relating to applicability of prohibition of sections 2161 to 2166 of this title, other laws or Executive order.
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 94–197, § 10, substituted “
Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 94–197, § 11, substituted “excluding” for “including the reasonable”.
Subsec. (n)(1)(iii). Pub. L. 94–197, § 12, substituted “twenty years” for “ten years”.
Subsec. (o)(3), (4). Pub. L. 94–197, § 13, in par. (3) inserted provisions authorizing the establishment, in any plan for disposition of claims, of priorities between classes of claims and claimants to extent necessary to ensure the most equitable allocation of available funds, and added par. (4).
Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 94–197, § 14, added subsec. (p).
1966—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 89–645, § 2, struck out last sentence which authorized application by the Commission or any indemnified person to district court of the United States having venue in bankruptcy over location of nuclear incident and to United States District Court for the District of Columbia in cases of nuclear incidents occurring outside the United States, and upon a showing that public liability from a single nuclear incident will probably exceed the limit of imposable liability, entitled the applicant to orders for enforcement of this section, including limitation of liability of indemnified persons, staying payment of claims and execution of court judgments, apportioning payments to claimants, permitting partial payments before final determination of total claims, and setting aside part of funds for possible injuries not discovered until later time, now incorporated in subsec. (o) of this section.
Subsecs. (m) to (o). Pub. L. 89–645, § 3, added subsecs. (m) to (o).
1965—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 89–210, § 1, substituted “
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 89–210, § 2, substituted “
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 89–210, § 3, inserted proviso prohibiting the aggregate liability to exceed the sum of $560,000,000.
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 89–210, § 4, substituted “
Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 89–210, § 5, substituted “
1964—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 88–394, § 2, provided that with respect to any facility for which a permit is issued between
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 88–394, § 3, provided that with respect to any facility for which a permit is issued between
1962—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 87–615, § 6, limited the amount of indemnity provided by the Commission for nuclear incidents occurring outside the United States to $100,000,000.
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 87–615, § 7, inserted proviso limiting the aggregate liability in cases of nuclear incidents occurring outside the United States to which an indemnification agreement entered into under subsec. (d) of this section is applicable, to $100,000,000, and substituted “occurring outside the United States, the Commission or any person indemnified may apply to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia” for “caused by ships of the United States outside of the United States, the Commission or any person indemnified may apply to the appropriate district court of the United States having venue in bankruptcy matters over the location of the principal place of business of the shipping company owning or operating the ship”.
1961—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 87–206 inserted provision for liability of contractor to extent of indemnification under this section free of defense of sovereign immunity.
1958—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 85–602, § 2[3], gave the district court that has venue in bankruptcy matters over the location of the principal place of business of the shipping company owning or operating the ship, jurisdiction in cases of nuclear incidents caused by ships of the United States outside of the United States.
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 85–744 added subsec. (k).
Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 85–602, § 2, added subsec. (l).
“Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency” substituted for “Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency” in subsec. (l)(4)(C) on authority of section 612(c) of Pub. L. 109–295, set out as a note under section 313 of Title 6, Domestic Security. Any reference to the Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency in title VI of Pub. L. 109–295 or an amendment by title VI to be considered to refer and apply to the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency until
Pub. L. 109–58, title VI, § 609,
Amendment by Pub. L. 100–408 effective
This section is popularly known as the “Price-Anderson Act” and also as the “Atomic Energy Damages Act”.
For transfer of all functions, personnel, assets, components, authorities, grant programs, and liabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the functions of the Under Secretary for Federal Emergency Management relating thereto, to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, see section 315(a)(1) of Title 6, Domestic Security.
For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, including the functions of the Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see former section 313(1) and sections 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of
Advisory commissions established after
Pub. L. 106–245, § 2, “(1) the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act [Pub. L. 101–426] (42 U.S.C. 2210 note) recognized the responsibility of the Federal Government to compensate individuals who were harmed by the mining of radioactive materials or fallout from nuclear arms testing;“(2) a congressional oversight hearing conducted by the Committee on Labor and Human Resources [now Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions] of the Senate demonstrated that since enactment of the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (42 U.S.C. 2210 note), regulatory burdens have made it too difficult for some deserving individuals to be fairly and efficiently compensated;“(3) reports of the Atomic Energy Commission and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health testify to the need to extend eligibility to States in which the Federal Government sponsored uranium mining and milling from 1941 through 1971;“(4) scientific data resulting from the enactment of the Radiation[–]Exposed Veterans Compensation Act of 1988 (38 U.S.C. 101 note) [Pub. L. 100–321, see Tables for classification], and obtained from the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, and the President’s Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments provide medical validation for the extension of compensable radiogenic pathologies;“(5) above-ground uranium miners, millers and individuals who transported ore should be fairly compensated, in a manner similar to that provided for underground uranium miners, in cases in which those individuals suffered disease or resultant death, associated with radiation exposure, due to the failure of the Federal Government to warn and otherwise help protect citizens from the health hazards addressed by the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 2210 note); and“(6) it should be the responsibility of the Federal Government in partnership with State and local governments and appropriate healthcare organizations, to initiate and support programs designed for the early detection, prevention and education on radiogenic diseases in approved States to aid the thousands of individuals adversely affected by the mining of uranium and the testing of nuclear weapons for the Nation’s weapons arsenal.”
Pub. L. 106–245, § 3(e)(2), “(A) The Attorney General shall take such action as may be necessary to ensure that the procedures established by the Attorney General under section 6 of the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act [Pub. L. 101–426] (42 U.S.C. 2210 note) provide that, in addition to any other material that may be used to substantiate employment history for purposes of determining working level months, an individual filing a claim under those procedures may make such a substantiation by means of an affidavit described in subparagraph (B).“(B) An affidavit referred to under subparagraph (A) is an affidavit—“(i) that meets such requirements as the Attorney General may establish; and“(ii) is made by a person other than the individual filing the claim that attests to the employment history of the claimant.”
Pub. L. 106–245, § 3(i),
Pub. L. 101–426, “This Act may be cited as the ‘Radiation Exposure Compensation Act’. “A payment made under this Act shall not be considered as any form of compensation or reimbursement for a loss for purposes of imposing liability on any individual receiving such payment, on the basis of such receipt, to repay any insurance carrier for insurance payments, or to repay any person on account of worker’s compensation payments; and a payment under this Act shall not affect any claim against an insurance carrier with respect to insurance or against any person with respect to worker’s compensation. “No authority under this Act to enter into contracts or to make payments shall be effective in any fiscal year except to such extent or in such amounts as are provided in advance in appropriations Acts.“SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.“SEC. 2. FINDINGS, PURPOSE, AND APOLOGY.“(a) The Congress finds that—“(1) fallout emitted during the Government’s atmospheric nuclear tests exposed individuals to radiation that is presumed to have generated an excess of cancers among these individuals;“(2) the health of the individuals who were exposed to radiation in these tests was put at risk to serve the national security interests of the United States;“(3) radiation released in underground uranium mines that were providing uranium for the primary use and benefit of the nuclear weapons program of the United States Government exposed miners to large doses of radiation and other airborne hazards in the mine environment that together are presumed to have produced an increased incidence of lung cancer and respiratory diseases among these miners;“(4) the United States should recognize and assume responsibility for the harm done to these individuals; and“(5) the Congress recognizes that the lives and health of uranium miners and of individuals who were exposed to radiation were subjected to increased risk of injury and disease to serve the national security interests of the United States.“(b) It is the purpose of this Act to establish a procedure to make partial restitution to the individuals described in subsection (a) for the burdens they have borne for the Nation as a whole.“(c) The Congress apologizes on behalf of the Nation to the individuals described in subsection (a) and their families for the hardships they have endured.“SEC. 3. TRUST FUND.“(a) There is established in the Treasury of the United States, a trust fund to be known as the ‘Radiation Exposure Compensation Trust Fund’ (hereinafter in this Act referred to as the ‘Fund’), which shall be administered by the Secretary of the Treasury.“(b) Amounts in the Fund shall be invested in accordance with section 9702 of title 31, United States Code, and any interest on, and proceeds from any such investment shall be credited to and become a part of the Fund.“(c) Amounts in the Fund shall be available only for disbursement by the Attorney General under section 6.“(d) The Fund shall terminate on the date that is 2 years after the date of enactment of the RECA Extension Act of 2022 [“(e) “(1) There are appropriated to the Fund, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for fiscal year 2002 and each fiscal year thereafter, such sums as may be necessary, not to exceed the applicable maximum amount specified in paragraph (2), to carry out the purposes of the Fund.“(2) Appropriation of amounts to the Fund pursuant to paragraph (1) is subject to the following maximum amounts:“(A) For fiscal year 2002, $172,000,000.“(B) For fiscal year 2003, $143,000,000.“(C) For fiscal year 2004, $107,000,000.“(D) For fiscal year 2005, $65,000,000.“SEC. 4. CLAIMS RELATING TO ATMOSPHERIC NUCLEAR TESTING.“(a) “(1) “(A) An individual described in this subparagraph shall receive an amount specified in subparagraph (B) if the conditions described in subparagraph (C) are met. An individual referred to in the preceding sentence is an individual who—“(i)(I) was physically present in an affected area for a period of at least 1 year during the period beginning on “(II) was physically present in the affected area for the period beginning on “(III) participated onsite in a test involving the atmospheric detonation of a nuclear device; and“(ii) submits written documentation that such individual developed leukemia— “(I) after the applicable period of physical presence described in subclause (I) or (II) of clause (i) or onsite participation described in clause (i)(III) (as the case may be); and “(II) more that [sic] 2 years after first exposure to fallout.“(B) If the conditions described in subparagraph (C) are met, an individual—“(i) who is described in subclause (I) or (II) of subparagraph (A)(i) shall receive $50,000; or“(ii) who is described in subclause (III) of subparagraph (A)(i) shall receive $75,000.“(C) The conditions described in this subparagraph are as follows:“(i) Initial exposure occurred prior to age 21.“(ii) The claim for a payment under subparagraph (B) is filed with the Attorney General by or on behalf of the individual.“(iii) The Attorney General determines, in accordance with section 6, that the claim meets the requirements of this Act.“(2) Any individual who—“(A) was physically present in the affected area for a period of at least 2 years during the period beginning on “(B) was physically present in the affected area for the period beginning on “(C) participated onsite in a test involving the atmospheric detonation of a nuclear device,and who submits written medical documentation that he or she, after such period of physical presence or such participation (as the case may be), contracted a specified disease, shall receive $50,000 (in the case of an individual described in subparagraph (A) or (B)) or $75,000 (in the case of an individual described in subparagraph (C)), if—“(i) the claim for such payment is filed with the Attorney General by or on behalf of such individual, and“(ii) the Attorney General determines, in accordance with section 6, that the claim meets the requirements of this Act.“(3) Payments under this section may be made only in accordance with section 6.“(4) No payment may be made under this section on any claim of the Government of the Marshall Islands, or of any citizen or national of the Marshall Islands, that is referred to in Article X, Section 1 of the Agreement Between the Government of the United States and the Government of the Marshall Islands for the Implementation of section 177 of the Compact of Free Association (as approved by the Compact of Free Association Act of 1985 (Public Law 99–239) [48 U.S.C. 1901 et seq., 2001 et seq.]).“(b) For purposes of this section, the term—“(1) ‘affected area’ means—“(A) in the State of Utah, the counties of Washington, Iron, Kane, Garfield, Sevier, Beaver, Millard, Wayne, San Juan, and Piute;“(B) in the State of Nevada, the counties of White Pine, Nye, Lander, Lincoln, Eureka, and that portion of Clark County that consists of townships 13 through 16 at ranges 63 through 71; and“(C) in the State of Arizona, the counties of Coconino, Yavapai, Navajo, Apache, and Gila, and that part of Arizona that is north of the Grand Canyon; and“(2) ‘specified disease’ means leukemia (other than chronic lymphocytic leukemia), provided that initial exposure occurred after the age of 20 and the onset of the disease was at least 2 years after first exposure, and the following diseases, provided onset was at least 5 years after first exposure: multiple myeloma, lymphomas (other than Hodgkin’s disease), and primary cancer of the: thyroid, male or female breast, esophagus, stomach, pharynx, small intestine, pancreas, bile ducts, gall bladder, salivary gland, urinary bladder, brain, colon, ovary, liver (except if cirrhosis or hepatitis B is indicated), or lung.“SEC. 5. CLAIMS RELATING TO URANIUM MINING.“(a) “(1) An individual shall receive $100,000 for a claim made under this Act if—“(A) that individual—“(i) was employed in a uranium mine or uranium mill (including any individual who was employed in the transport of uranium ore or vanadium-uranium ore from such mine or mill) located in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming, South Dakota, Washington, Utah, Idaho, North Dakota, Oregon, and Texas at any time during the period beginning on “(ii)(I) was a miner exposed to 40 or more working level months of radiation or worked for at least 1 year during the period described under clause (i) and submits written medical documentation that the individual, after that exposure, developed lung cancer or a nonmalignant respiratory disease; or“(II) was a miller or ore transporter who worked for at least 1 year during the period described under clause (i) and submits written medical documentation that the individual, after that exposure, developed lung cancer or a nonmalignant respiratory disease or renal cancers and other chronic renal disease including nephritis and kidney tubal tissue injury;“(B) the claim for that payment is filed with the Attorney General by or on behalf of that individual; and“(C) the Attorney General determines, in accordance with section 6, that the claim meets the requirements of this Act.“(2) Paragraph (1)(A)(i) shall apply to a State, in addition to the States named under such clause, if—“(A) a uranium mine was operated in such State at any time during the period beginning on “(B) the State submits an application to the Department of Justice to include such State; and“(C) the Attorney General makes a determination to include such State.“(3) Each payment under this section may be made only in accordance with section 6.“(b) For purposes of this section—“(1) the term ‘working level month of radiation’ means radiation exposure at the level of one working level every work day for a month, or an equivalent exposure over a greater or lesser amount of time;“(2) the term ‘working level’ means the concentration of the short half-life daughters of radon that will release (1.3×105) million electron volts of alpha energy per liter of air;“(3) the term ‘nonmalignant respiratory disease’ means fibrosis of the lung, pulmonary fibrosis, corpulmonale related to fibrosis of the lung, silicosis, and pneumoconiosis;“(4) the term ‘Indian tribe’ means any Indian tribe, band, nation, pueblo, or other organized group or community, that is recognized as eligible for special programs and services provided by the United States to Indian tribes because of their status as Indians;“(5) the term ‘written medical documentation’ for purposes of proving a nonmalignant respiratory disease means, in any case in which the claimant is living—“(A)(i) an arterial blood gas study; or“(ii) a written diagnosis by a physician meeting the requirements of subsection (c)(1); and“(B)(i) a chest x-ray administered in accordance with standard techniques and the interpretive reports of a maximum of two National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety certified ‘B’ readers classifying the existence of the nonmalignant respiratory disease of category 1/0 or higher according to a 1989 report of the International Labor Office (known as the ‘ILO’), or subsequent revisions;“(ii) high resolution computed tomography scans (commonly known as ‘HRCT scans’) (including computer assisted tomography scans (commonly known as ‘CAT scans’), magnetic resonance imaging scans (commonly known as ‘MRI scans’), and positron emission tomography scans (commonly known as ‘PET scans’)) and interpretive reports of such scans;“(iii) pathology reports of tissue biopsies; or“(iv) pulmonary function tests indicating restrictive lung function, as defined by the American Thoracic Society;“(6) the term ‘lung cancer’—“(A) means any physiological condition of the lung, trachea, or bronchus that is recognized as lung cancer by the National Cancer Institute; and“(B) includes in situ lung cancers;“(7) the term ‘uranium mine’ means any underground excavation, including ‘dog holes’, as well as open pit, strip, rim, surface, or other aboveground mines, where uranium ore or vanadium-uranium ore was mined or otherwise extracted; and“(8) the term ‘uranium mill’ includes milling operations involving the processing of uranium ore or vanadium-uranium ore, including both carbonate and acid leach plants.“(c) “(1) “(A) For purposes of this Act, the written diagnosis and the accompanying interpretive reports described in subsection (b)(5)(A) shall—“(i) be considered to be conclusive; and“(ii) be subject to a fair and random audit procedure established by the Attorney General.“(B) “(i) For purposes of this Act, a written diagnosis made by a physician described under clause (ii) of a nonmalignant pulmonary disease of a claimant that is accompanied by written documentation shall be considered to be conclusive evidence of that disease.“(ii) A physician referred to under clause (i) is a physician who— “(I) is employed by the Indian Health Service or the Department of Veterans Affairs; or “(II) is a board certified physician; and “(III) has a documented ongoing physician patient relationship with the claimant.“(2) “(A) For purposes of this Act, a chest x-ray and the accompanying interpretive reports described in subsection (b)(5)(B) shall—“(i) be considered to be conclusive; and“(ii) be subject to a fair and random audit procedure established by the Attorney General.“(B) “(i) For purposes of this Act, a written diagnosis made by a physician described in clause (ii) of a nonmalignant pulmonary disease of a claimant that is accompanied by written documentation that meets the definition of that term under subsection (b)(5) shall be considered to be conclusive evidence of that disease.“(ii) A physician referred to under clause (i) is a physician who— “(I) is employed by—“(aa) the Indian Health Service; or“(bb) the Department of Veterans Affairs; and “(II) has a documented ongoing physician patient relationship with the claimant.“SEC. 6. DETERMINATION AND PAYMENT OF CLAIMS.“(a) The Attorney General shall establish procedures whereby individuals may submit claims for payments under this Act. In establishing procedures under this subsection, the Attorney General shall take into account and make allowances for the law, tradition, and customs of Indian tribes (as that term is defined in section 5(b)) and members of Indian tribes, to the maximum extent practicable.“(b) “(1) The Attorney General shall, in accordance with this subsection, determine whether each claim filed under this Act meets the requirements of this Act. All reasonable doubt with regard to whether a claim meets the requirements of this Act shall be resolved in favor of the claimant.“(2) The Attorney General shall—“(A) in consultation with the Surgeon General, establish guidelines for determining what constitutes written medical documentation that an individual contracted leukemia under section 4(a)(1), a specified disease under section 4(a)(2), or other disease specified in section 5;“(B) in consultation with the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, establish guidelines for determining what constitutes documentation that an individual was exposed to the working level months of radiation under section 5; and“(C) in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy, establish guidelines for determining what constitutes documentation that an individual participated onsite in a test involving the atmospheric detonation of a nuclear device under section 4(a)(2)(C).The Attorney General may consult with the Surgeon General with respect to making determinations pursuant to the guidelines issued under subparagraph (A), with the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health with respect to making determinations pursuant to the guidelines issued under subparagraph (B), and with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy with respect to making determinations pursuant to the guidelines issued under subparagraph (C)..[sic]“(c) “(1) The Attorney General shall pay, from amounts available in the Fund (or, in the case of a payment under section 5, from the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Fund, pursuant to section 3630(d) of the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000 [42 U.S.C. 7384u(d)]), claims filed under this Act which the Attorney General determines meet the requirements of this Act.“(2) (A) A payment to an individual, or to a survivor of that individual, under this section on a claim under subsection (a)(1), (a)(2)(A), or (a)(2)(B) of section 4 or a claim under section 5 shall be offset by the amount of any payment made pursuant to a final award or settlement on a claim (other than a claim for worker’s compensation), against any person, that is based on injuries incurred by that individual on account of—“(i) exposure to radiation, from atmospheric nuclear testing, in the affected area (as defined in section 4(b)(1)) at any time during the period described in subsection (a)(1), (a)(2)(A), or (a)(2)(B) of section 4, or“(ii) exposure to radiation in a uranium mine at any time during the period described in section 5(a).“(B) A payment to an individual, or to a survivor of that individual, under this section on a claim under section 4(a)(2)(C) shall be offset by the amount of—“(i) any payment made pursuant to a final award or settlement on a claim (other than a claim for workers’ compensation), against any person, or“(ii) any payment made by the Department of Veterans Affairs,that is based on injuries incurred by that individual on account of exposure to radiation as a result of onsite participation in a test involving the atmospheric detonation of a nuclear device. The amount of the offset under this subparagraph with respect to payments described in clauses (i) and (ii) shall be the actuarial present value of such payments.“(3) Upon payment of a claim under this section, the United States Government is subrogated for the amount of the payment to a right or claim that the individual to whom the payment was made may have against any person on account of injuries referred to in paragraph (2).“(4) “(A) In the case of an individual who is deceased at the time of payment under this section, such payment may be made only as follows:“(i) If the individual is survived by a spouse who is living at the time of payment, such payment shall be made to such surviving spouse.“(ii) If there is no surviving spouse described in clause (i), such payment shall be made in equal shares to all children of the individual who are living at the time of payment.“(iii) If there is no surviving spouse described in clause (i) and if there are no children described in clause (ii), such payment shall be made in equal shares to the parents of the individual who are living at the time of payment.“(iv) If there is no surviving spouse described in clause (i), and if there are no children described in clause (ii) or parents described in clause (iii), such payment shall be made in equal shares to all grandchildren of the individual who are living at the time of payment.“(v) If there is no surviving spouse described in clause (i), and if there are no children described in clause (ii), parents described in clause (iii), or grandchildren described in clause (iv), then such payment shall be made in equal shares to the grandparents of the individual who are living at the time of payment.“(B) If an individual eligible for payment under section 4 or 5 dies before filing a claim under this Act, a survivor of that individual who may receive payment under subparagraph (A) may file a claim for such payment under this Act.“(C) For purposes of this paragraph—“(i) the ‘spouse’ of an individual is a wife or husband of that individual who was married to that individual for at least one year immediately before the death of that individual;“(ii) a ‘child’ includes a recognized natural child, a stepchild who lived with an individual in a regular parent-child relationship, and an adopted child;“(iii) a ‘parent’ includes fathers and mothers through adoption;“(iv) a ‘grandchild’ of an individual is a child of a child of that individual; and“(v) a ‘grandparent’ of an individual is a parent of a parent of that individual.“(D) In determining those individuals eligible to receive compensation by virtue of marriage, relationship, or survivorship, such determination shall take into consideration and give effect to established law, tradition, and custom of the particular affected Indian tribe.“(d) “(1) The Attorney General shall complete the determination on each claim filed in accordance with the procedures established under subsection (a) not later than twelve months after the claim is so filed. For purposes of determining when the 12-month period ends, a claim under this Act shall be deemed filed as of the date of its receipt by the Attorney General. In the event of the denial of a claim, the claimant shall be permitted a reasonable period in which to seek administrative review of the denial by the Attorney General. The Attorney General shall make a final determination with respect to any administrative review within 90 days after the receipt of the claimant’s request for such review. In the event the Attorney General fails to render a determination within 12 months after the date of the receipt of such request, the claim shall be deemed awarded as a matter of law and paid.“(2) The Attorney General may request from any claimant under this Act, or from any individual or entity on behalf of any such claimant, any reasonable additional information or documentation necessary to complete the determination on the claim in accordance with the procedures established under subsection (a).“(3) “(A) The period described in subparagraph (B) shall not apply to the 12-month limitation under paragraph (1).“(B) The period described in this subparagraph is the period—“(i) beginning on the date on which the Attorney General makes a request for additional information or documentation under paragraph (2); and“(ii) ending on the date on which the claimant or individual or entity acting on behalf of that claimant submits that information or documentation or informs the Attorney General that it is not possible to provide that information or that the claimant or individual or entity will not provide that information.“(4) The Attorney General shall ensure that an approved claim is paid not later than 6 weeks after the date on which such claim is approved.“(5) Any procedures under this subsection shall take into consideration and incorporate, to the fullest extent feasible, Native American law, tradition, and custom with respect to the submission and processing of claims by Native Americans.“(e) Except as otherwise authorized by law, the acceptance of payment by an individual under this section shall be in full satisfaction of all claims of or on behalf of that individual against the United States, or against any person with respect to that person’s performance of a contract with the United States, that arise out of exposure to radiation, from atmospheric nuclear testing, in the affected area (as defined in section 4(b)(1)) at any time during the period described in subsection (a)(1), (a)(2)(A), or (a)(2)(B) of section 4, exposure to radiation in a uranium mine, mill, or while employed in the transport of uranium ore or vanadium-uranium ore from such mine or mill at any time during the period described in section 5(a), or exposure to radiation as a result of onsite participation in a test involving the atmospheric detonation of a nuclear device.“(f) No costs incurred by the Attorney General in carrying out this section shall be paid from the Fund or set off against, or otherwise deducted from, any payment under this section to any individual.“(g) The duties of the Attorney General under this section shall cease when the Fund terminates.“(h) Amounts paid to an individual under this section—“(1) shall be treated for purposes of the internal revenue laws of the United States as damages for human suffering; and“(2) shall not be included as income or resources for purposes of determining eligibility to receive benefits described in section 3803(c)(2)(C) of title 31, United States Code, or the amount of such benefits.“(i) The Attorney General should use funds and resources available to the Attorney General to carry out his or her functions under this Act.“(j) The Attorney General may issue such regulations as are necessary to carry out this Act.“(k) Regulations, guidelines, and procedures to carry out this Act shall be issued not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [“(l) An individual whose claim for compensation under this Act is denied may seek judicial review solely in a district court of the United States. The court shall review the denial on the administrative record and shall hold unlawful and set aside the denial if it is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.“SEC. 7. CLAIMS NOT ASSIGNABLE OR TRANSFERABLE; CHOICE OF REMEDIES.“(a) No claim cognizable under this Act shall be assignable or transferable.“(b) No individual may receive more than 1 payment under this Act.“SEC. 8. LIMITATIONS ON CLAIMS.“(a) A claim to which this Act applies shall be barred unless the claim is filed not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the RECA Extension Act of 2022 [“(b) After the date of the enactment of the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act Amendments of 2000 [“SEC. 9. ATTORNEY FEES.“(a) Notwithstanding any contract, the representative of an individual may not receive, for services rendered in connection with the claim of an individual under this Act, more than that percentage specified in subsection (b) of a payment made under this Act on such claim.“(b) The percentage referred to in subsection (a) is—“(1) 2 percent for the filing of an initial claim; and“(2) 10 percent with respect to—“(A) any claim with respect to which a representative has made a contract for services before the date of the enactment of the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act Amendments of 2000 [“(B) a resubmission of a denied claim.“(c) Any such representative who violates this section shall be fined not more than $5,000.“SEC. 10. CERTAIN CLAIMS NOT AFFECTED BY AWARDS OF DAMAGES.“SEC. 11. BUDGET ACT.“SEC. 12. REPORT.“(a) The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall submit a report on the incidence of radiation related moderate or severe silicosis and pneumoconiosis in uranium miners employed in the uranium mines that are defined in section 5 and are located off of Indian reservations.“(b) Such report shall be completed not later than “SEC. 13. REPEAL.“Section 1631 of the Department of Energy National Security and Military Applications of Nuclear Energy Authorization Act of 1985 (42 U.S.C. 2212) is repealed.”
Pub. L. 100–408, § 19, “(a) “(1) The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (hereafter in this section referred to as the ‘Commission’) shall initiate a proceeding, in accordance with the requirements of this section, to determine whether to enter into indemnity agreements under section 170 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2210) with persons licensed by the Commission under section 81, 104(a), or 104(c) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2111, 2134(a), and 2134(c)) or by a State under section 274(b) of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2021(b)) for the manufacture, production, possession, or use of radioisotopes or radiopharmaceuticals for medical purposes (hereafter in this section referred to as ‘radiopharmaceutical licensees’).“(2) A final determination with respect to whether radiopharmaceutical licensees, or any class of such licensees, shall be indemnified pursuant to section 170 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2210) and if so, the terms and conditions of such indemnification, shall be rendered by the Commission within 18 months of the date of the enactment of this Act [“(b) “(1) For the purpose of making the determination required under subsection (a), the Commission shall, to the extent consistent with the provisions of this Act [see Short Title of 1988 Amendment note set out under section 2011 of this title], conduct a negotiated rulemaking in accordance with the guidance provided by the Administrative Conference of the United States in Recommendation 82–4, ‘Procedures for Negotiating Proposed Regulations’ (42 Fed. Reg. 30708, “(2) Within 30 days of the date of the enactment of this Act [“(3) The convener shall, not later than 7 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, submit to the Commission recommendations for a proposed rule regarding whether the Commission should enter into indemnity agreements under section 170 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2210) with radiopharmaceutical licensees and, if so, the terms and conditions of such indemnification. If the convener recommends that such indemnity be provided for radiopharmaceutical licensees, the proposed rule submitted by the convener shall set forth the procedures for the execution of indemnification agreements with radiopharmaceutical licensees.“(4) If the convener recommends that such indemnity be provided for radiopharmaceutical licensees, the Commission shall publish the recommendations of the convener submitted under paragraph (3) as a notice of proposed rulemaking within 30 days of the submission of such recommendations under such paragraph.“(5) To the extent consistent with the provisions of this Act, the Commission shall conduct the proceeding required under subsection (a) in accordance with section 553 of title 5, United States Code.”
Ex. Ord. No. 12658,
Ex. Ord. No. 12891,